Learning Outcomes

• Define computer networks

• Describe advantages of networking
• Describe the characteristic of two types of networks
• Describe the various classification of networks
• List the elements common to all client/server networks
• Describe the various computer network topologies
• Compare the characteristics of the different network
topologies
• State the organizations that set standards for networking
 What is Computer Network?
• A combination of computer hardware, cabling,
network devices and computer software that allows
computers to communicate with each other.
• The goal of any network is to allow computers to
communicate.
• Communication examples: web browser, AIM(AOL
Instant Messenger), text messaging, email
 Advantages of Comp. Network
• Data Exchange
• Hardware Resource Sharing
• Software Resource Sharing
• Data Security
• Increased Communication Capabilities
• Entertainment
• Backup - Avoid File Duplication and Corruption
 Types of Networks
• Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
• Client Server
Peer to Peer (P2P) Network
• Single computer / node CONNECTED to single computer
/ node.

Peer to Peer
Network
 Peer to Peer (P2P) Network (cont…)
• P2P members usually perform similar tasks, sharing of
resources. Support 10 computers. Users of P2P is located in
the same geographical area

Advantages of a peer-to-peer network:

• Less initial expense - No need for a dedicated server.

• Setup - An operating system (such as Windows XP) already
in place may only need to be reconfigured for peer-to-peer
operations.
 Peer to Peer (P2P) Network (cont…)
Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network:

• Decentralized - No Centralized server.

• Security - Does not provide the security available on a
client-server network.
 Client Server Network
• Multiple computer / device (CLIENTS) connected to a
SERVER to perform any network activities

File Server

Other
equipment
 Client Server Network (cont…)
Advantages of a client/server network

• Centralized - Resources and data security are controlled through

the server.
• Security - More security then Peer-to-peer network.
• Flexibility - New technology can be easily integrated into system.
• Interoperability - All components (client /server) work together.
• Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple
platforms.
 Client Server Network (cont…)
Disadvantages of a client/server network

• Expense - Requires initial investment in dedicated server.

• Maintenance - Large networks will require a staff to ensure
efficient operation.
• Dependence - When server goes down, operations will
cease (stop) across the network.
 RECAP!!
Can you explain differences between
Peer to Peer and Client Server
Network?
Types of Networks(cont…)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
• Simple connection within limited size of area

• Example: Single-building LAN or Multiple-building LAN

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Connection over the city

• Example: Arau networks to Kangar networks

 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Large-size of area connection which connects all
over the world
• Example: Malaysia networks to Japan networks
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer
network used for data transmission amongst devices
such as computers, telephones, tablets and personal
digital assistants.
 Elements of Client Server Networks
• CLIENT
• Computer hosts that have software installed that enable them to request and display the
information obtained from the server (web browser; Internet Explorer)

• SERVER
• Server: hosts that have software installed that enable them to provide information to other
hosts on the network. Each service requires separate server software (mail server, web
server)

• NIC (Network Interface Card)

• Device inside a computer that connects a computer to the network (network adapter)

• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS)

• A software that runs on servers that enables the servers to manage data and users.
Example: Windows Server 2008, Mac OSX, UNIX, Linux
Elements of Client Server Networks (cont…)
• BACKBONE
• The devices that connect all of the clients and servers across the network. Example Switches,
routers, access points

• SEGMENT
• A segment is a specially-configured subset of a larger network. The ways of increasing
available bandwidth on the LAN

• TOPOLOGY
• A topology is a arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. Network
geometry: 1) Physical topology 2) Logical (or signal) topology.

• TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• The physical or nonphysical means through which data is transmitted and received across the
network. Example: Wire and cables, radio waves
 Network Topologies
TOPOLOGY:
A topology is a way of “laying out” the network. Topologies can be
either physical or logical.

Two categories of network topology are:

• Physical – topology map recorded each host is located, wiring is
installed and the locations of the networking devices that connect
the hosts.

• Logical – host names, addresses, group information and

applications can be recorded on the logical topology map. Describes
the logical pathway a signal follows as it passes among the network
nodes
Physical Network Topology
Logical Network Topology
 Network Topologies

TOPOLOGY

BUS RING STAR HYBRID

TREE MESH
 Bus Topology
• It is a multipoint topology.
• One long cable acts as a backbone (coaxial
cable) to link all the devices in the network.
 Bus Topology
• A backbone is a part of computer network that
interconnects various pieces of network, providing a path
for the exchange of information between different LANs.
 Ring Topology
• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point line
configuration.
• Message will be passed to each device until it
reach the destination
 Star Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only
to a central controller.
 It does not allow direct traffic between devices.
 Extended Star Topology

• Made up of all connected individual star topologies.

• A star network with an additional networking device
connected to the main networking device. It is a network
cable connects to one switch, and then several other switches
connect to the first switch.
 Mesh Topology
• A mesh topology provides redundant communication
paths between some or all devices .

Full Mesh

Partial Mesh
 Tree Topology
 A tree topology integrates the star and bus
topologies in a hybrid approach to improve network
scalability.
 Hybrid Topology
• The combination of two or more topologies.
 Consideration to Choose Topology
• Money. A linear bus network may be the least expensive way
to install a network; you do not have to purchase
concentrators.
• Length of cable needed. The linear bus network uses
shorter lengths of cable.
• Future growth. With a star topology, expanding a network is
easily done by adding another concentrator.
• Cable type. The most common cable is unshielded twisted
pair, which is most often used with star topologies
 Advantages & Disadvantages (CIDOS
ACTIVITY)
TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES
Bus • Use of cable is economical.
• Media is inexpensive and
easy to work with.
• System is simple and
reliable.
• Bus is easy to extend.
Ring • System provides equal
access for all computers.
• Performance is even
despite many users.
Star • Modifying system and
adding new computers is
easy.
• Centralized monitoring and
management are possible.
• Failure of one computer
does not affect the rest of
the network.
DISADVANTAGES
• Network can slow down in heavy
traffic.
• Problems are difficult to isolate.
• Cable break can affect many users.
• Entire network shuts down if there
is a break in the main cable.
• Terminators are required at both
ends of the backbone cable.
• Failure of one computer can
impact the rest of the network.
• Problems are hard to isolate.
• Unmanageable in a large network
• If the centralized point fails, the
network fails.
• Costs are usually higher than with
bus or ring networks
 Advantages & Disadvantages (cont…)
TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Mesh • System provides increased • System is expensive to install
redundancy and reliability because it uses a lot of cabling.
as well as ease of
troubleshooting.

Tree • Point-to-point wiring for • Overall length of each segment is

individual segments. limited by the type of cabling
• Supported by several used.
hardware and software • If the backbone line breaks, the
vendors. entire segment goes down.
• More difficult to configure and wire
than other topologies.
 Type of Cable, Speed & Protocol
Topology Cable Speed Protocol

Twisted Pair,
Bus, Star, Tree 10 Mbps Ethernet
Coaxial, Fiber

Star Twisted Pair, Fiber 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet

Linear or Star Twisted Pair .23 Mbps LocalTalk

Star-Wired Ring Twisted Pair 4 Mbps - 16 Mbps Token Ring

Dual ring Fiber 100 Mbps FDDI

Bus, Star, Tree Twisted Pair, Fiber 155-2488 Mbps ATM

 RECAP!!
What is differences between all the
various computer network topologies??
 Networking Standard Organization
• International Standard Organization (ISO)
• American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer (IEEE)
• Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Internet Society (ISOC)
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
 Function of Hardware
• REPEATER - increasing the signals energy

REPEATER

• HUB / SWITCH
• Centralizing connection for all network devices (LAN only)
• Sending packets using MAC address
HUB
SWITCH
 Function of Hardware (cont…)
• ROUTER - Forwarding packets in the network using MAC
and IP address (INTERNET)

ROUTER
 Function of Hardware (cont…)
• BRIDGE - Connecting two or • WIRELESS ACCESS POINT -
more different networks for A device that creates a
communication wireless local area network,
usually in an office or large
BRIDGE building.
WIRELESS AP
 Function of Hardware (cont…)
• MODEM - A modem is a hardware device that allows a
computer to send and receive data over a telephone
line or a cable or satellite connection.

MODEM
 Function of Hardware (cont…)
• A network interface card (NIC) is a circuit board that
is installed in a computer so that it can be connected
to a network.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
Function of Hardware (cont…)

ON-BOARD NIC

WIRELESS NIC

USB NIC
INDIVIDUAL EXERCISE 1

1. Search and study all network topology , and from the

result draw a PHYSICAL network topology which consist
of the following:
 5 computers in Lab A
 10 computers in Lab B
 3 computer and 1 laptop in Lab C
 Lab A and Lab C connects to 1 switch, Lab B connect to
another 1 switch.
 This two networks connect to each other via a router.

• Individual Exercise.
I don’t stop when I’m tired.
I only stop when I’m done…