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4.

BEAMS

1. Types and Uses


2. Beam Loads
3. Classification of Beam Cross Sections
4. Bending Stresses and Moment Capacity
5. Lateral Torsional Buckling
6. Shear in Beams
7. Deflection of Beams
8. Beam Connections
9. Examples of Beam Design
10.Compound Beams
11.Crane Beams
12.Purlins
13.Sheeting Rails
4. BEAMS

4.1 Types and Uses

Beams span between supports to carry lateral loads


which are resisted by bending and shear. However,
deflections and local stresses are also important.

Beams may be cantilevered, simply supported, fixed


ended or continuous, as shown in Figure 4.1.
4. BEAMS

Figure 4.1 Types of beams


4. BEAMS

Any sections may serve as a beam , and common beam


sections are shown in Figure 4.2.
4. BEAMS

Figure 4.2.
4. BEAMS

Beams may be of uniform or non-uniform section.


Sections may be strengthened in regions of maximum
moment by adding cover plates or haunches as shown in
Figure 4.3.
4. BEAMS

Figure 4.3 Non-uniform beam


4. BEAMS

4.2 Beam Loads

Types of beam loads are:


1. Concentrated loads from secondary beams and
columns;
2. Distributed load from self-weight and floor slabs.

The loads are further classified into:


1. Dead loads from self-weight, slabs, finishes, etc.
2. Imposed loads from people, fittings, snow on roofs,
etc.
3. Wind loads, mainly on purlins and sheeting rails.
4. BEAMS

4.3 Classification of Beam Cross Sections

The projecting flange of an I-beam will buckle


prematurely if it is too thin. Webs will also buckle under
compressive stress from bending and from shear.

To prevent local buckling from occurring, limiting


outstand/thickness ratios for flanges and
depth/thickness ratios for webs are given in the
standards (BS, SNI).

Beam cross sections are classified as follows in


accordance with their behaviour in bending:
4. BEAMS

Class 1 Plastic cross-section: Beam cross sections are


classified as follows in accordance with their behaviour
in bending:
Class 2 Compact cross-section:
Class 3 Semi-compact cross-section:
Class 4 Slender cross-section:

Flat elements in across sections are classified as:


1. Internal elements supported on both longitudinal
edges.
2. Outstand elements attached on one edge with the
other free.
4. BEAMS

Elements are classified as plastic, compact or semi


compact if they meet limits given in Table 11 and Table
12 in association with Figures 5 and 6 of the BS 5950
Part 1: 2000.

An example for the limiting proportions for elements of


universal beams and channels are shown in Figure 4.4
and Table 4.1.
4. BEAMS

Figure 4.4
4. BEAMS

Table 4.1.
4. BEAMS

4.4 Bending Stresses and Moment Capacity


4. BEAMS

4.4 Bending Stresses and Moment Capacity


4. BEAMS

4.5 Lateral Torsional Buckling


4. BEAMS

4.6 Shear in Beams


4. BEAMS

4.7 Deflection of Beams


4. BEAMS

4.8 Beam Connections


4. BEAMS

4.9 Examples of Beam Design


4. BEAMS

4.9 Examples of Beam Design


4. BEAMS

4.10 Compound Beams


4. BEAMS

4.11 Crane Beams


4. BEAMS

4.12 Purlins
4. BEAMS

4.13 Sheeting Rails

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