2. Beam Loads 3. Classification of Beam Cross Sections 4. Bending Stresses and Moment Capacity 5. Lateral Torsional Buckling 6. Shear in Beams 7. Deflection of Beams 8. Beam Connections 9. Examples of Beam Design 10.Compound Beams 11.Crane Beams 12.Purlins 13.Sheeting Rails 4. BEAMS
4.1 Types and Uses
Beams span between supports to carry lateral loads
which are resisted by bending and shear. However, deflections and local stresses are also important.
Beams may be cantilevered, simply supported, fixed
ended or continuous, as shown in Figure 4.1. 4. BEAMS
Figure 4.1 Types of beams
4. BEAMS
Any sections may serve as a beam , and common beam
sections are shown in Figure 4.2. 4. BEAMS
Figure 4.2. 4. BEAMS
Beams may be of uniform or non-uniform section.
Sections may be strengthened in regions of maximum moment by adding cover plates or haunches as shown in Figure 4.3. 4. BEAMS
Figure 4.3 Non-uniform beam
4. BEAMS
4.2 Beam Loads
Types of beam loads are:
1. Concentrated loads from secondary beams and columns; 2. Distributed load from self-weight and floor slabs.
The loads are further classified into:
1. Dead loads from self-weight, slabs, finishes, etc. 2. Imposed loads from people, fittings, snow on roofs, etc. 3. Wind loads, mainly on purlins and sheeting rails. 4. BEAMS
4.3 Classification of Beam Cross Sections
The projecting flange of an I-beam will buckle
prematurely if it is too thin. Webs will also buckle under compressive stress from bending and from shear.
To prevent local buckling from occurring, limiting
outstand/thickness ratios for flanges and depth/thickness ratios for webs are given in the standards (BS, SNI).
Beam cross sections are classified as follows in
accordance with their behaviour in bending: 4. BEAMS
Class 1 Plastic cross-section: Beam cross sections are
classified as follows in accordance with their behaviour in bending: Class 2 Compact cross-section: Class 3 Semi-compact cross-section: Class 4 Slender cross-section:
Flat elements in across sections are classified as:
1. Internal elements supported on both longitudinal edges. 2. Outstand elements attached on one edge with the other free. 4. BEAMS
Elements are classified as plastic, compact or semi
compact if they meet limits given in Table 11 and Table 12 in association with Figures 5 and 6 of the BS 5950 Part 1: 2000.
An example for the limiting proportions for elements of
universal beams and channels are shown in Figure 4.4 and Table 4.1. 4. BEAMS