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EDUCTION OF PROPOSITION
PROPOSITION
• Is a statement in which anything
whatsoever is affirmed or denied.
• Example:
“A dog is an animal”
“A dog is not a cat”
EDUCTION
• Is the formulation of a new
proposition by the interchanging of
the subject and the predicate of a
given proposition by using or
removing negatives. (TORRES &
HERNANDEZ, 2002).
EDUCTION
• Eduction comes from the Latin word ducere, meaning “to draw forth” or “to
extract”. It is the process of immediate inference whereby from any given
proposition, we derive another proposition with the same meaning different
quantity, or quality, or both.
• Example: No person is a wise are trustworthy;
All wise persons are unaggressive; Invalid argument
Therefore, no trustworthy persons are aggressive
• No unwise person are trustworthy;
All aggressive are unwise Valid argument
Therefore, no trustworthy person are aggressive.
FOUR METHODS OF
EDUCTION
CONVERSION, OBVERSION,
CONTRAPOSITION, INVERSION
THE SYMBOLS A,E,I AND O
• These letter are from the latin words “affirmo”, which
means “I affirm”, and nego, which means “I deny”.
• Meanings
• A & I (the first two vowels of affirmo) signify affirmative
propositions- A either a universal or a singular, and I
particular
• E & O (the vowels of nego) signify negative propositions- E
either a universal or a singular, and O a particular.
SUBJECT
QUANTIFIER COPULA PREDICATE
• A - All S are P
• E - No S are P
• I - Some S are P
• O - Some S are not P
1. CONVERSION
• is the formulation of a new proposition by
interchanging the subject and predicate of an original
proposition but leaving its quality unchanged.
- E to E No cat is a dog.
No dog is a cat.
- I to I Some houses are white.
Some white (things) are houses.
Partial Conversion
• the conversion is partial if the quantity of the
proposition is reduced from universal to particular.
• Applicable only to A proposition.
• A proposition cannot have full conversion because
there will be a change in meaning
- A to I
- E to O RULES FOR PARTIAL CONVERSION
a. Transpose the subject and the predicate.
b. Change the quantify from universal to particular.
c. Retain the affirmative quality.
Example of Partial Conversion:
E to O
A to I
• No aliens are voters.
• All men are mortal.
Some voters are not aliens.
Some mortal (beings) are men.
• No stars are galaxies;
• Every dog is an animal;
Therefore, some galaxies are
Therefore, some animals are
not stars
dogs
2. OBVERSION
• Is retaining the quantity of the original proposition or obvertend is
unchanged without affecting its quantity.
• It is a method of re-expressing truth by changing the quality of the copula
so that the affirmative is rendered negative and the negative is rendered
affirmative
• Rules for Obversion
• 1. Retain the subject and the quantity of the obvertend;
• 2. Change the quality. If the obvertend is affirmative, the obverse must be
negative; and if the obvertend is negative to obverse must be affirmative;
EXAMPLE:
All philosophers are searchers for knowledge
Therefore, no philosophers are non-searchers for knowledge.
This case is applied to the universal; let say A to E or E to A and also the particulars, I to
O or O to I.