LESSON 9

EDUCTION OF PROPOSITION
 PROPOSITION
• Is a statement in which anything
whatsoever is affirmed or denied.
• Example:

“A dog is an animal”
“A dog is not a cat”
 EDUCTION
• Is the formulation of a new
proposition by the interchanging of
the subject and the predicate of a
given proposition by using or
removing negatives. (TORRES &
HERNANDEZ, 2002).
 EDUCTION
• Eduction comes from the Latin word ducere, meaning “to draw forth” or “to
extract”. It is the process of immediate inference whereby from any given
proposition, we derive another proposition with the same meaning different
quantity, or quality, or both.
• Example: No person is a wise are trustworthy;
All wise persons are unaggressive; Invalid argument
Therefore, no trustworthy persons are aggressive
• No unwise person are trustworthy;
All aggressive are unwise Valid argument
Therefore, no trustworthy person are aggressive.
FOUR METHODS OF
EDUCTION
CONVERSION, OBVERSION,
CONTRAPOSITION, INVERSION
 THE SYMBOLS A,E,I AND O
• These letter are from the latin words “affirmo”, which
means “I affirm”, and nego, which means “I deny”.
• Meanings
• A & I (the first two vowels of affirmo) signify affirmative
propositions- A either a universal or a singular, and I
particular
• E & O (the vowels of nego) signify negative propositions- E
either a universal or a singular, and O a particular.
 SUBJECT
QUANTIFIER COPULA PREDICATE

• A - All S are P
• E - No S are P
• I - Some S are P
• O - Some S are not P
 1. CONVERSION
• is the formulation of a new proposition by
interchanging the subject and predicate of an original
proposition but leaving its quality unchanged.

Kinds of Conversion Note:

Convertend - the original proposition
a. Simple Conversion Converse - the new proposition
b. Partial Conversion Conversion - the process itself
 RULES FOR CONVERSION
1. Interchange the subject and the
predicate;

2. Retain the quality;

3. Do not extend any term.

1.1 Simple Conversion
-the conversion is simple if the quantity of the converse
is the same as the quantity of the converted.
- E to E
- I to I

RULES IN SIMPLE CONVERSION

1. Transpose the subject and the predicate
2. Retain the quality and the quantity of the given
proposition.
 Examples of Simple Conversion:

- E to E No cat is a dog.
No dog is a cat.
- I to I Some houses are white.
Some white (things) are houses.

Partial Conversion
• the conversion is partial if the quantity of the
proposition is reduced from universal to particular.
• Applicable only to A proposition.
• A proposition cannot have full conversion because
there will be a change in meaning
- A to I
- E to O RULES FOR PARTIAL CONVERSION
a. Transpose the subject and the predicate.
b. Change the quantify from universal to particular.
c. Retain the affirmative quality.
Example of Partial Conversion:

E to O
A to I
• No aliens are voters.
• All men are mortal.
Some voters are not aliens.
Some mortal (beings) are men.
• No stars are galaxies;
• Every dog is an animal;
Therefore, some galaxies are
Therefore, some animals are
not stars
dogs
 2. OBVERSION
• Is retaining the quantity of the original proposition or obvertend is
unchanged without affecting its quantity.
• It is a method of re-expressing truth by changing the quality of the copula
so that the affirmative is rendered negative and the negative is rendered
affirmative
• Rules for Obversion
• 1. Retain the subject and the quantity of the obvertend;
• 2. Change the quality. If the obvertend is affirmative, the obverse must be
negative; and if the obvertend is negative to obverse must be affirmative;
EXAMPLE:
All philosophers are searchers for knowledge
Therefore, no philosophers are non-searchers for knowledge.

This case is applied to the universal; let say A to E or E to A and also the particulars, I to
O or O to I.

- A to E “Every cat is an animal” to

“No cat is a non-animal”
- E to A “No cat is a dog” to
“Every cat is a non-dog”
- I to O “Some house is white” to
“Some house is not non-white”
- O to I “Some house is not white” to
“Some house is non-white”
 3. CONTRAPOSITION
• Is a combination of conversion and obversion. It has an
interchangeable subject and predicate (like conversion),
and it presents contradictories of terms (like obversion).
Note:
Contraponend - the original
• Kinds of Contraposition proposition
Contraposit - the new
• a. Partial Contraposition proposition
• b. Complete Contraposition Contraposition - the process
itself
1. Partial Contraposition Symbols and their Partial
Is a combination of an Contraposition
obversion and conversion. - A to E - E to I
To get Partial - O to I - I no partial contraposit
Contraposition
a. By obverting it
b. Then by converting it. Examples:
Rules: Partial Contraposition:
a. Obvert the given (Contraponend) Every dog is an animal,
proposition Obvert: No dog is a non-animal
Convert: No non-animal is a dog
b. Convert the obverse of the
(Contraposit)
given proposition.
Examples:
All S are P ....................................................... A – Proposition
No S are Non-P No non-P are S
No S is P ......................................................E – Proposition
All S are Non-P Some non-P are S.
Not all S are P .......................................................O – Proposition
Some S are non-P. Some non-P are S

• No graduate students are illeterate;

Hence, some literate are graduate student
• No dove is duck;
Therefore, some non-ducks are dove
• Some politicians are not rich people;
Therefore, some poor people are politicians.
2. Full Contraposition Symbols and their
Is a combination of an obversion Complete Contraposition
and conversion. - A to A - E to O
- O to O - I no complete contraposit
To get Partial Contraposition
a. Obvert the partial contraposition
of the given proposition
Example
Rules: (Contraponend) Every man is
a. Obvert the given proposition. mortal,
b. Convert the obverse of the given Obvert: No man is non-mortal,
proposition Convert: No non-mortal is man,
c. Obvert the converse of the Obvert: Every non-mortal is a
obverse of the given proposition non-man (Contraposit)
Examples:
All S are P ....................................................... A – Proposition
No S are Non-P (Obversion)
No non-P are S (simple conversion) Partial Contraposition
All non-P are S (obversion) Full Contraposition
No S is P ......................................................E – Proposition
All S are Non-P (Obversion)
Some non-P are S. (simple conversion) Partial Contraposition
Not all non-P are Non-S (obversion) Full Contraposition
Not all S are P .......................................................O – Proposition
Some S are non-P. (Obversion)
Some non-P are S (simple conversion) Partial Contraposition
Not all non-P are non-S (obversion) Full Contraposition
• EXAMPLE OF FULL CONTRAPOSITION
• Every diagram is a visual aid;
therefore, every non-visual aid is a non-diagram
• Some fruits are sweet
Therefore, some non-sweet is not not non-fruits
• Some politicians are not rich people;
Therefore, some poor people are not non-politicians.
 4. INVERSION
• is the formulation of a new proposition whose
subject is the contradictory of the original subject.
• Kinds of Inversion
• a. Partial Inversion Note:Invertend - the original
proposition
• b. Complete Inversion Inverse - the new
proposition
Inversion - the process itself
1. Partial Inversion Symbols and their Partial Inversion
To get Partial Inversion (Only A & E can be Inverted)
1. The quality is changed. - A to O
2. The predicate is the - E to I
same as the original
proposition. Examples:Partial Inversion:
Rules: (Invertend) Every cat is an animal,
1. Obvert Obvert: No cat is a non-animal,
2. Convert Convert: No non-animal is a cat,
3. Obvert Obvert: Every non-animal is a non-cat,
4. Convert Convert: Some non-cat is a non-animal,
5. Obvert Obvert: Some non-cat is not an
animal. (Inverse)
2. Full Inversion Symbols and their Complete Inversion
To get Full Inversion (Only A & E can be Inverted)
- A to I
1. The quality is not - E to O
changed.
2. The predicate is the
contradictory of the Examples:Full Inversion:
original predicate. (Invertend) No cat is a dog,
Rules: Convert: No dog is a cat,
1. Convert Obvert: Every dog is a non-cat,
2. Obvert Convert: Some non- cat is a dog,
3. Convert Obvert: Some non-cat is not a non-
4. Obvert dog. (Inverse)