Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Chapter 3: Molecules & Compounds

 Chapter Highlights
 define molecules
 definitions of molecular formula & structural formula
 understand formation of cations & anions
 learn names & formula for polyatomic ions
 molar mass of compounds
 percent composition
 empirical formula
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Molecules
 Molecules are tightly bound assemblies of two or more atoms.
This "package" behaves as a single unit.

 Some elements exist as discrete molecules;

H2, C, O2 (O3), N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, P4, S8

 Remember: Although He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn are gases they are
not really molecules since they are monatomic
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Formulas
 Chemical formula: a collection of elemental symbols
with subscripts that indicate the relative number of
atoms of each element in the substance

 Molecular formula: the chemical formula of a

molecular compound

 Example:
the molecular formula for sucrose is C12H22O11
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Molecular Compounds
 Compounds are pure substances that can be decomposed into
one or more different pure substances

Example:

1 molecule of sucrose

12 atoms of C + 11 molecules of water

side 4: frames 05413-05903

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Formulas
 Structural formula: emphasizes how atoms are connected and
shows any chemically active groups (functional group)
 Example:
the molecular formula for ethanol is C2H6O

the structural formula for ethanol is CH3CH2OH

H H
 OH (alcohol functional
group) is an important H C C O H
chemically active group H H
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Molecular Models
 Ball & stick model
for ethanol:
gray = carbon
white = hydrogen
red = oxygen

Models of methane CH4

H

H C
H
H
ball &stick space filling perspective drawing
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Ions
 Atoms of almost all elements can gain or lose
electrons to form ions (charged species)

 Compounds composed of ions are known as ionic

compounds

 Cations are positively charged ions

 Anions are negatively charged ions

 Example:
sodium chloride, NaCl is composed of
sodium cations = Na+ and chloride anions = Cl-
Chemistry-140 Lecture 6
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions

 Monatomic ions are comprised of single atoms, while

polyatomic ions are comprised of several atoms

 Examples:

monatomic: Na+ Ca2+ Fe3+ S2- Cl- N3-

polyatomic: NH4+ SO42- ClO3- PO43-
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Predicting the Charges on Ions

 The charge of an ion can be predicted from the elements
position in the periodic table.

 Monatomic ions: atoms either gain or lose electrons until they

have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas.
metals lose electrons to form cations
nonmetals gain electrons to form anions

 For example:
Ar (18 electrons), K (19 electrons) and Cl (17 electrons).
K K+
Cl Cl-
in order to have 18 electrons
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6
The Monatomic Anions
hydride nitride oxide

carbide fluoride

chloride

phosphide bromide
sulfide
selenide
iodide

telluride
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are those compounds formed

from the combination of ions.

Please Remember!!

total cationic charge = total anionic charge

overall the material is neutral

the TOTAL charge on the compound = ZERO
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Question:

What ionic compound would you expect from the

combination of Mg and N?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Answer:

Mg Mg2+ (magnesium ion)

N N3- (nitride ion)

In order to obtain overall neutrality 3 Mg2+ combine

with 2 N3- to yield Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride)
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Naming Compounds
 Positive ions.

Name plus ion, for example, aluminum ion.

Specify the charge on the ion, for example

cobalt (II) and cobalt (III) ions

Ammonium, carbonium and oxonium ions all refer to different

types of positive ions of ammonia, carbon and oxygen.
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Naming Compounds
 Negative ions

Simple anions end in –ide, for example chloride ion.

Polyatomic anions (often oxoanions) are not systematic and

must be learned (see table 3.1):
perchlorate, chlorate, chlorite, hypochlorite
hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate
carbonate, bicarbonate

ClO4- ClO3- ClO2- ClO- HPO42- H2PO4-

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

The Mole
 A convenient unit for matter that contains
a known number of particles

 Definition: the amount of substance that contains as many

particles as their are atoms in exactly 12 g
of the carbon-12 isotope

1 mole = 6.022136736 x 1023

Avogadro’s Number (N)

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

The Mole

1 mole = 6.022136736 x 1023

Avogadro’s Number (N)

 How big is this number???

 Popcorn kernels covering the continental US

 $$-Dollars-$$ a national debt ($ 3.6 trillion)
 computer counting at 10 million particles/second
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

The Mole

 What is the Chemical Significance?

 A mole of any element (or compound) always contains the

same number of atoms (or molecules)

 Since each type of atom has a different atomic mass, a mole

of atoms of one element has a different mass from the mass
of a mole of a different element

 Example: 1 mole of 16O has mass = 16.0 g while

1 mole of 19F has mass = 19.0 g
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Molar Mass
 The mass in grams of 1 mole of atoms of any element is the
molar mass of that element

 Molar mass is conventionally shown as M and expressed in

grams/mole (g/mol)

 For any element, the molar mass in grams is equal to the

atomic mass in atomic mass units (amu).

 Example:
Molar mass of Na = mass of 1 mol of Na atoms
= 22.98 g/mol
= mass of 6.022 x 1023 Na atoms
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Mass Moles Conversion

 The ability to convert from moles to mass and mass to

moles is absolutely essential

MASS MOLES CONVERSION

Moles to Mass Mass to Moles

 grams   1 mole 
(Moles)  = grams (Grams)  = moles
 1 mole   grams 

molar mass 1/molar mass

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

A Question of Conversion

Question:

How many moles are in 454 g of silicon?

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

A Question of Conversion

Answer:

The molar mass of silicon is 28.09 g/mol (from the

periodic table!).

Convert the mass of silicon to its equivalent in

moles
 1 mole Si 
 
 28.09 g Si 
(454 g Si) = 16.2 mol Si
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Another Question of Conversion

Question:

What is the mass of 2.50 moles of lead (Pb)?

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

Another Question of Conversion

Answer:

The molar mass of lead is 207.2 g/mol (where else

but from the periodic table!).

Convert the moles of lead to its equivalent mass

 207.2 g Pb 
(2.50 mol Pb)  = 518 g Pb
 1 mol Pb 
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

A Real Calculation

Question:

A graduated cylinder
contains 25.4 mL of
mercury (Hg). If the
density of mercury is
13.534 g/mL, how many
moles of mercury are in
the cylinder? How
many atoms of Hg are in
the cylinder?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

A Real Calculation

Method:

Requires certain
conversion!

x g/mL x mol/g x atoms/mol

Volume, mL Mass, g Moles Atoms
density molar Avogadro’s
mass Number
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 6

A Real Calculation

Answer:
 13.534 g Hg 
(25.4 mL Hg)   = 344 g Hg
 1 mL Hg 

 1 mol Hg 
(344 g Hg)   = 1.71 mol Hg
 200.6 g Hg 

 6.022 x 1023 atoms Hg 


(1.71 mol Hg)  = 1.03 x 1024
 1 mol Hg 
atoms Hg
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Chapter 3: Molecules & Compounds

 Chapter Highlights
 define molecules
 definitions of molecular formula & structural formula
 understand formation of cations & anions
 learn names & formula for polyatomic ions
 molar mass of compounds
 percent composition
 empirical formula
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Molecules, Compounds & the Mole

 Molar Mass M, is the mass of a mole of molecules of a
particluar substance = Molecular Weight
Example:

The molecular weight of PBr3 = the atomic weight of P plus

3 x the atomic weight of Br

MW (PBr3) = AW (P) + 3[AW (Br)]

= (30.97 amu) + 3(79.90 amu)
= 270.7 amu

Thus: 1 mole of PBr3 has a mass of 270.7 g

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

A Mole of ………….

NiCl2.6H2O K2Cr2O7 CoCl2.6H2O

NaCl
CuSO4.5H2O
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Question (compare to example 3.9):

You have 23.2 g of ethanol, C2H6O.

 How many moles are contained in this mass of ethanol?

 How many molecules of ethanol are contained in 23.2 g?

 How many atoms of carbon are contained in 23.2 g of ethanol?

 What is the average mass of one molecule of ethanol?

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Method:

Conversions using molar mass & Avogadro’s

number!

x mol/g x molecules/mol x C atoms/molecule

Mass, g Moles Molecules Number of
molar Avogadro’s C atoms
mass Number
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7
Answer:
Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O.

2 mol of C per mole of ethanol = (2 mol C)  12.01 g C 

 1 mol C 
= 24.02 g C

6 mol of H per mole of ethanol = (6 mol H)  1.008 g H 

 
 1 mol H 
= 6.048 g H

1 mol of O per mole of ethanol = (1 mol O)  16.00 g O 

 
 1 mol O 
= 16.00 g O

Molar mass of ethanol = (24.02 + 6.048 + 16.00) g =

46.07 g/mol
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Answer:

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of C2H6O.

(23.2 g C2H6O)  1 mol C2 H 6O  = 0.504 mol C H O

2 6
 46.07 g C 2 H 6O 

 Number of moles of ethanol in 23.2 g is 0.504 mol.

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Answer:
Step 3: Calculate the number of carbon atoms.


(0.504 mol C2H6O)  6.022 x 10 23
molecules C2 H 6O 

 1 mol C2 H 6O 
= 3.04 x 10 23 molecules of C2H6O

3.04 x 10 23 molecules of C2H6O  2 C atoms 

 
 1 molecule C2 H 6O 
=
6.07 x 10 23 atoms of C

 Number of carbon atoms in 23.2 g of ethanol is 6.07 x 10 23 .

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Answer:
Step 4: Calculate the mass of 1 molecule of C2H6O.
 46.07 g C2 H 6O   1 mol 
  
 1 mol C2 H 6O  6.022 x 10 molecules 
 23

= 7.650 x 10 -23 g/molecule of C H O

2 6

 The mass of 1 molecule of ethanol, C2H6O, is 7.650 x 10 -23 g.

 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Percent Composition
 Composition can be given by the mass of each element
relative to the total mass of the compound = Mass Percentage
 mass of N in 1 mol of NH 3 
Mass percentage N in NH3 =  
 mass of 1 mole of NH 3 

 14.01 g N 
=  x 100 % = 82.27 %
 17.030 g NH 3 

 mass of H in 1 mol of NH 3 
Mass percentage H in NH3 =  
 mass of 1 mole of NH 3 

 3.024 g H 
=  x 100 % = 17.76 %
 17.030 g NH 3 
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Empirical & Molecular Formulas

 Percentage composition can be used to determine a
simplest or empirical formula
 Empirical or simplest formulas show the simplest ratio of
the numbers of atoms of each element in a substance.

 Example, C6H6 is the molecular formula showing the numbers

of C and H atoms in the molecule benzene. CH is the empirical
formula showing the simplest ratio of atoms.

 Therefore, to convert an empirical formula to a molecular

formula we need a molar mass!
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Example 3.10:

Eugenol has a molar mass of 164.2 g/mol and is73.14 % C and

7.37 % H with the remainder O. What are the molecular and
empirical formulas for eugenol?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Method:

%A x mol A

%B y mol B
} find
x mol A
y mol B
AxBy

ratios gives
mole ratio formula
convert weight
percentage to moles
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Answer:

Step 1: Find the number of moles of C and H in a 100 g

sample of eugenol.

(73.14 g C)  1 mol C  = 6.089 mol C

 12.011 g C 
(7.37 g H)  1 mol H  =
  7.31 mol H
 1.008 g H 
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Answer:

Step 2: Find the number of moles of O in a 100 g sample of

vanillin by difference.

100.00 g = (73.14 g C + 7.37 g H) + mass of O

mass of O = 100.00 g - (73.14 g C + 7.37 g H)

= 19.49 g O

19.49 g O  1 mol O  =
  1.218 mol O
 15.999 g O 
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Answer:
Step 3: Calculate the ratio of moles = empirical formula.

 Mole C  =  6.089 mol C  = 4.999

   
 Mole O   1.218 mol O 

 Mole H  =  7.31 mol H  = 6.00

   
 Mole O   1.218 mol O 

 Mole O  =  1.218 mol O  = 1.000

   
 Mole O   1.218 mol O 

C4.999H6.00O C5H6O
empirical formula
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 7

Answer:
Step 4: Determine the molecular formula from the
empirical formula and the molar mass.

M(empirical formula) = [5(MC) + 6(MH) + (MO)]

= [5(12.011) + 6(1.008) + (15.999]

= [60 + 6 + 16]

= 82 g/mol

Determined molar mass of Eugenol is 164 g/mol.

X2
C5H6O C10H12O2
empirical formula molecular formula
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Chapter 3: Molecules & Compounds

 Chapter Highlights
 define molecules
 definitions of molecular formula & structural formula
 definition of allotrope
 understand formation of cations & anions
 learn names & formula for polyatomic ions
 molar mass of compounds
 percent composition
 empirical formula
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Determining & Using Formulas

 Empirical Formula can be determined by a
number of different experiments

Sn + I2 SnxIy
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Determining & Using Formulas

Example 3.11:

1.056 g of tin metal and 1.947 g of solid iodine are allowed to

react in 100 mL of ethylacetate. After the reaction is complete
(all the iodine has reacted), 0.601 g of tin is recovered.

What is the empirical formula of the product formed from the

reaction between Sn & I2 in this experiment ?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 1: Calculate the mass of Sn that reacted with the I2.

(original mass of Sn) - (mass of Sn recovered after the reaction)

= (mass of Sn consumed in the reaction)

= (1.056 - 0.601) g =
0.455 g Sn
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 1: Find the number of moles of Sn and I2 used to

create the sample of SnxIy.

(0.455 g Sn)  1 mol Sn  = 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn

 118.7 g Sn 

(1.947 g I2)  1 mol I 2  =

  7.671 x 10-3 mol I2
 253.81 g I 2 

BUT, remember there are 2 atoms of I in each molecule of I2,

therefore, moles of I = 2 x (7.671 x 10-3) =
1.534 x 10-2 mol I
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 3: Calculate the ratio of moles = empirical formula.

 Mole I   1.534 x 10 -2
mol I 
 =   = 4.01
 Mole Sn   3.83 x 10 mol Sn 
-3

 Mole Sn  =  3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn  = 1.00

   
 Mole Sn   3.83 x 10 mol Sn 
-3

The empirical formula is therefore SnI4

What is the molecular formula ?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Using Chemical Formulas

Example 3.12:

What mass of copper(I) sulfide, Cu2S, may be obtained

from 2.00 kg of copper ?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 1: Find the number of moles of Cu in

2.00 kg of copper.

 
(2.00 kg Cu)  1000 g Cu   1 mol Cu  = 31.5 mol Cu
 1 kg Cu   63.55 g Cu 
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 2: Use the fact that there are 2 Cu atoms per molecule
of Cu2S to determine the moles of Cu2S and then calculate
the mass of Cu2S.

(31.5 mol Cu)  1 mol Cu2S   159.2 g Cu2S 

 2 mol Cu   1 mol Cu2S 

=
2510 g Cu2S
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Determining the Formula of

a Hydrated Compound

Question:
In the laboratory, you weigh out
1.023 g of hydrated copper (II)
sulfate, CuSO4 . xH2O (blue).
After heating in a porcelain
crucible you are left with 0.603 g
of anhydrous cobalt(II) sulfate,
CuSO4 (white). What is the
value of x in CuSO4 . xH2O ?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Method:

Write out an equation to describe the reaction and assign

values to known quantities and identify unknown
quantities.

CuSO4 . xH2O + heat CuSO4 + xH2O

1.023 g 0.654 g + ?g
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 1: Find out the mass of water removed by heating.

(mass of hydrated compound) - (mass of anhydrous compound)

= mass of water

(1.023 g - 0.654 g) =
0.369 g H2O
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 2: You want to know how many moles of H2O is

associated with each mole of CuSO4; the ratio!
Simply convert the masses you have to moles!

 1 mol H 2 O 
0.369 g H 2 O    2.05 x 10-2 mol H2O
 18.05 g H 2 O 

 1 mol CuSO 4 
0.654 g H 2 O    4.10 x 10-3 mol CuSO4
 159.6 g CuSO 4 
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 3: The ratio of moles of H2O to moles of CuSO4 is x.

 moles H 2O  =  2.05 x 10-2 mol H 2 O 

   
 moles CuSO 4 
-3
 4.10 x 10 mol CuSO 4 

=  5.00 mol H 2 O 
 1 mol CuSO 
 4 

The formula for hydrated copper (II) sulfate is

CoSO4 . 5H2O
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Some More Practice!!??!!

Question (Chapter 3, #105):

The weight percentage of oxygen in an oxide that has

formula MO2 is 15.2 %. What is the element M ?
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 1: Since the formula is MO2 we know that 1 mol of the

compound contains 2 mol of O = (2 x 16.00 g) = 32.00 g of O.

Since this is 15.2 % of the total…...

 32.00 g / mol O  =  15.2 % 
   
 X g / mol MO2   100.0% 

(32 x 100) = (X x 15.2)

 3200  = X =
  210.5 g/mol
 15.2 
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Answer:

Step 2: If the molar mass of the compound is 210.5 g/mol

then …...

atomic mass of element M =

(210.5 g/mol - 32.00 g/mol) = 178.5 g/mol

From the periodic table we identify the element M as

Hf (hafnium) with an atomic mass of 178.49 g/mol
 Chemistry-140 Lecture 8

Textbook Questions From Chapter #3

Molecular Formulas: 14, 16
Ions & Ion Charges: 20, 23, 24
Ionic Compounds: 28, 32
Naming Compounds: 36, 42,
Molar Mass & Moles: 46, 48, 50, 52, 62
Percent Composition: 64, 66
Empirical & Molecular Formulas 68, 70, 74, 79, 81
Extras 91, 105, 107, 111, 120