Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Basics and mechanics of reinforced concrete design: Concepts of capacity and demand,
behaviour of reinforced concrete members under axial, flexural and shear demand,
familiarization to ACI code. Analysis and design of Singly reinforced, rectangular and T-type
single and multi span beams, for flexure and shear demand: This portion will cover analysis
and design of single and multi span beams, that are singly reinforced using ACI approximate
method(s). Design of Doubly reinforced rectangular and T-type single and multi span beams
for flexure and shear demand. Analysis and design of one-way slab (simply supported and
continuous): This portion will cover analysis and design of simply supported and continuous
one-way slabs using ACI approximate method(s). Analysis and design of two-way slabs
supported on walls and stiff beams. Bond, anchorage and development length: This portion
will cover basics of bond strength and development length, ACI code provisions for
development length, bar cutoff & bar splices. Serviceability Requirements: This portion will
cover basics of cracking in flexural members, ACI provisions for crack control & ACI provisions
for control of deflections. Project: Design of RC roof of a simple building.
Recommended Books
George Winter, Design of Concrete Structures
Hassoun, M.N. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures.
Nilson, Design of Concrete Structures
RCD
Concrete
In the second half of 19th century steel was used with its high tensile strength
for reinforcing the concrete in tension.
It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of which effect the final strength of
concrete
Demand
It is, however, intuitive to have some margin of safety i.e., to have capacity to
demand ratio more than one. How much?
Example 1
It can be achieved easily if we fix the ratio of capacity to demand greater than
1.0, say 1.5, 2.0 or so, as shown in example 2
For certain reasons, however, let say we insist on a factor of safety such that
capacity to demand ratio still remains 1.0.
Doing both.
In the Working Stress or Allowable Stress Design method, the material strength
is knowingly taken less than the actual e.g. half of the actual to provide a factor
of safety equal to 2.0.
In the Strength Design method, the increased loads and the reduced strength of
the material are considered, but both based on scientific rationale. For example,
it is quite possible that during the life span of a structure, dead and live loads
increase.
The factors of 1.2 and 1.6 used by ACI 318-02 (Building code requirements for
structural concrete, American Concrete Institute committee 318) as load
amplification factors for dead load and live load respectively are based on
probability based research studies.
Example 3
Design the 12″ × 12″ pad to carry a load of 200 tons. The area of the pad
cannot be increased for some reasons.
Demand in the form of load (P) = 200 Tons = 200 × 2.204/1000 = 440.8 kips
Demand in the form of load effects (Stress) = (200 × 2204)/ (12 × 12)
= 3061.11 psi = 3.0611 ksi
Capacity in the form of strength = 1.5 ksi (less than the demand of 3.0611 ksi).
Increase the strength by using some other material; using high strength
concrete, steel or other material; economical is to use concrete and steel
combine.
RCD
Let us assume that we want to use steel bar reinforcement of yield strength
fy = 40 ksi.
As = 11.24 in2 (Think on how to provide this much area of steel? This is how
compression members are designed against axial loading).
RCD
Example 4
Example 1.5
In order to fulfill its purpose, the structure must meet the condition of:
Economy (The over all cost of the structure should not exceed the clients
budget)
Although there is additional strength in the bars after yielding (due to strain
hardening), this additional strength is not considered in the design/analysis of
RC members.
In the strength design method the actual loads are multiplied by load factors to
obtain the ultimate design loads
The factors represent a high percentage of factor for safety required in the
design e.g. for dead load, load amplification factor is 1.2 and for live load, load
amplification factor is 1.6. The load amplification factor is always grater than one
RCD
RCD
RCD
To consider errors in analysis/design, execution and construction, the final
capacity (Flexural, shear, axial and torsional) of a member is reduced by
multiplying with strength reduction factor (ϕ phi)
For flexure capacity ϕ=0.9, for shear and torsion ϕ=0.75 and for axial ϕ=0.65 or
0.70 (all these will be discussed later). Strength reduction factor is always less
than one
The ACI (American Concrete Institute) code emphasize this method of design
RCD
Elastic Design Method this design concept is based on the elastic theory,
assuming a straight line stress distribution along the depth of concrete section.
In this method actual loads (working or service loads) acting on the structure are
estimated
Structural members are designed based on service loads and certain allowable
stresses in concrete and steel
The allowable stresses are the fraction of the crushing strength of concrete (��′)
and yield strength of the steel (fy)
Because of the differences in realism and reliability, over the past of several
decades the strength design method has replaced the older WSD method
RCD
Limit State Design
Limit state design is a further step in the strength design method. It indicates the
state of the member in which it ceases to meet the service requirements, such as
loosing it ability to withstand external loads or suffering excessive deformation,
cracking or local damage.
The aim of this analysis is to ensure that no limit state will appear in the
structure during its service life time
RCD
RCD
Cracks Formation
RCD
Fundamental assumption for R.C behavior
R.C sections are heterogeneous because they are made of two different
materials i.e. concrete and steel. Therefore proportioning/designing members by
ultimate strength design is based on the following assumptions.
1. Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing steel provided that the bond
between steel and concrete is adequate.
3. The modulus of Elasticity is taken as Es = 29000 ksi for all grades of steel. The
stress in the elastic range is equal to the strain multiply by modulus of elasticity
8. At the ultimate strength, the shape of the compressive stress distribution may
be assumed to be rectangular, parabolic or trapezoidal as shown in figure.
RCD
RCD
Loads
Loads that act on a structure can be divided into three broad categories
Dead loads
Dead loads are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the
lifetime of the structures.
Dead loads include the weight of the structure and any other permanent material
placed on the structure such as tiles, roof material and wall etc.
They can be determined with high degree of accuracy from the dimension of the
element and the unit weight of the materials.
RCD
Live Loads
It consist mainly of snow loads , wind pressure and suction, earthquake loads
wind pressure/loads (one of the two main lateral load that can be applied to a
structure.
It can result in
- excessive lateral drift
-Cladding failure
-Uplift.tear off of roofing components
-Possible hurricane and storm damage
snow loads
RCD
Environmental Loads
In strength designed method the members are designed to resist the factored
loads which are obtained by multiply the service loads by load amplification
factors
Different factors are used for different loading, because dead loads can be
estimated quite accurately, their load factors are smaller than those of live loads,
which have high degree of uncertainty
Reduction factors are used for some combination of forces to reflect the low
probability of their simultaneous occurrence
In addition to the load factor, the ACI codes specify another factor to allow an
additional reserve on the capacity of the structural member.
However, in order to account for the degree of accuracy within which the
nominal strength can be calculated & for adverse variations in material,
dimension a strength reduction factor (ϕ phi) should be used in strength
design method.
RCD
Values of the strength reduction factors are given in table 1.3 page no 19
RCD
A safe design is achieved when the structure strength, obtained by multiplying
the nominal strength by reduction factor (ϕ phi), exceeds or equals the
strength needed to withstand the factored loads
i.e Md = ϕMn ≥ Mu
Vd = ϕVn ≥ Vu
Pd = ϕPn ≥ Pu
Where
Mu , Vu and Pu are the external factored moments , shear forces and axial forces
Mn, Vn and Pn are nominal moment, shear and axial member capacity
Beams are long horizontal or inclined members with limited width and depth
Their main function is to support loads from slab
RCD
Columns
Columns are critical members of a structure that support loads from beams or
directly from slabs
They may be subjected to axial loads or axial loads and moments
RCD
Footings
Footings are paid or strips that support columns and spread their load directly
to the soil.
Walls
Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads as in
case of basement walls
RCD
Frames
Frames are structural members that consist of combination of beams and
columns or slab, beam, column and footing