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• the primary purpose of spark timing controls is to optimize some aspect of engine
performance (e.g., torque, power, BFSC, volumetric and thermal efficiency)
• The carburetor had failed to monitor the exact amount of oxygen in the
exhaust and thereby maintaining the correct air-fuel ratio for it.
• These drawbacks gave the birth to fuel injectors.
• It means the number of injectors is more than two i.e. one injector for each cylinder
for ex, 6-cylinder = 6 injectors.
• Here the injector is situated at the intake plenum and pointed towards the intake
valve of a cylinder.
• There are two firing circuits provided in this system.
• Working pressure of fuel is about 45 psi.
• For the purpose of extra fuel during cold start, an additional injector is often
provided.
3. Direct-injection systems
• In direct-injection systems for internal mixture formation,
the fuel is injected directly into the combustion chambers by
electromagnetically actuated fuel injectors.
• From these signals, the controller generates output electrical signals to the
actuators that determine the engine calibration (i.e., correct fuel delivery and spark
timing).
Inputs to Controllers
1. Throttle position sensor (TPS)
2. Mass air flow rate (MAF)
3. Engine temperature (coolant temperature) (CT)
4. Engine speed (RPM) and angular position
5. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve position
6. Exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) concentration
ENGINE MAPPING
• The development of any control system comes from knowledge of the plant, or
system to be controlled.
• In the case of the automobile engine, this knowledge of the plant (the engine) comes
primarily from a process called engine mapping.
• For engine mapping, the engine is connected to a dynamometer and operated
throughout its entire speed and load range.
• Measurements are made of the important engine variables while quantities, such as
the air/fuel ratio and the spark control, are varied in a known and systematic
manner.
• Such engine mapping is done in engine test cells that have engine dynamometers
and complex instrumentation that collects data under computer control.
• From this mapping, a mathematical model is developed that explains the influence
of every measurable variable and parameter on engine performance.
• It is the task of the electronic control system to set the calibration for each
engine operating condition.
Its most important functions are the control of:
• The amount of fuel entering the engine depends upon the time for which
the valve remains open and this time is called the ' pulse width'.
• So ECU decides the pulse width actually.
• ECU calculates this pulse width which varies according to the operating
conditions of the engine.
1] Open Loop Operation :
• During cold start or idle start the system works on the open loop operation.
For this purpose the starter switch is also connected to the MPFI system.
• As the key rotates over the shift lever the MPFI system set over the open
loop mode and started.
• In this mode of operation the oxygen sensors are ignored by the ECU. And
the MPFI controls to a fixed fuelling map.
• The mass air flow rate into the engine is measured. Then the fuel control
system determines the quantity of fuel to be delivered to meet the required
air/fuel ratio.
1) More uniform Air-Fuel mixture will be supplied to each cylinder, hence the
difference in power developed in each cylinder is minimum. Vibration from
the engine equipped with this system is less, due to this there is an
improvement in the life of engine components.
1. No tming adjustments
2. No distributor cap and rotor
3. No moving parts to wear out
4. No distributor to accumulate moisture and cause startng problems
5. No distributor to drive thus providing less engine drag
DISTRIBUTORLESS IGNITION SYSTEM
The spark plugs are fired directly from the coils.
The spark timing is controlled by an Ignition
Control Unit (ICU) and the Engine Control Unit
(ECU).