Analog Communication

By
Dr. G. Mamatha
Professor, Dept. of ECE

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering &

Technology (Autonomous)
 Angle modulation

• Phase Modulation (PM)

• Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Generation of PM and FM
• Spectrum of PM and FM
• Carson’s Rule
• Narrowband FM
 AM and FM Modulation

(a) Carrier wave.

(b) Sinusoidal
modulating signal.

(c) Amplitude -
modulated signal.

(d) Frequency modulated

signal.
Angle Modulation
We have seen that an AM signal can be represented as

s(t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos c t

Note that in this type of modulation the amplitude of signal carries information.

Now we will see that information can also be carried in the angle
of the signal as

st   Ac cos c t   t 
Here the amplitude Ac remains constant and the angle is modulated.
This Modulation Technique is called the Angle Modulation

Angle modulation: Vary either the Phase or the Frequency of the carrier signal

Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation are special cases of Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation
Representation of PM and FM signals:

The Angle-modulated Signal in time domain is given by st   Ac cos c t   t 

Special Case 1:
For PM the phase is directly proportional to the modulating signal. i.e.;

Where Dp is the Phase sensitivity of the phase modulator, having units of radians/volt.

Special Case 2:
For FM, the phase is proportional to the integral of m(t) so that

where the frequency deviation constant Df has units of radians/volt-sec.

Angle Modulation
• Instantaneous Frequency (fi) of a signal is defined by
d t 
t
 i t     t     i ( ) d where  t   ct   (t )
dt 

• Phase Modulation occurs when the instantaneous phase varied in proportion

to that of the message signal.

 t   D p mt  Dp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator

Resulting PM wave: s (t )  Ac cos[ c t  D p m(t )]

• Frequency Modulation occurs when the instantaneous frequency is varied
linearly with the message signal
i (t )   c  D f m(t ) Df is the frequency
t
deviation constant
 t   D f  m d


t
s(t )  Ac cos[ c t  D f  m( ) d ]
Resulting FM wave:

Phase and Frequency Modulations

• Phase Modulation • Frequency Modulation

Comparing above two equations , we see that if we have a PM signal modulated

by mp(t), there is also FM on the signal, corresponding to a different modulation
wave shape that is given by:

Similarly if we have a FM signal modulated by mf(t),the corresponding phase

modulation on this signal is:

Where f and p denote frequency

and phase respectively.
Generation of FM from PM and vice versa

Generation of FM using a Phase Modulator:

m f t  Integrator m p t  Phase Modulator st 

Gain 
Df (Carrier Frequency
FM Signal
Dp fc)

t
Df
m p t    m  d
f
Dp 

Generation of PM using a Frequency Modulator:

m p t  Differentiator m f t  Frequency Modulator

st 
Df
Gain  (Carrier Frequency fc)
Dp PM signal

D p  dm p t 
m f t    
D f  dt 
 FM with sinusoidal modulating signal

• If a band pass signal is represented by:  t   ct   (t )

1  d  t  
• The Instantaneous Frequency of the FM signal is given by: fi  t   f c   
2  dt 
1  d t 
f d t   f i t   f c 
• The Frequency Deviation from the carrier frequency: 2  dt 

• 1  d t 
The Peak Frequency Deviation is given by: F  max  dt 
2

1
• ∆F is related to the peak modulating voltage by F  D f Vp Where V p  max mt 
2

 1  d t    1  d t  
• The Peak-to-peak Deviation is given by F  max   dt    min   dt  
pp
 2   2 
 FM with sinusoidal modulating signal

1  d t 
f i t   f c 
2  dt 

But,

Vp   BW

Average Power does not change

with modulation
Ac2
Average Power 
2
 Angle Modulation

Advantages:

• Constant amplitude means efficient non-linear power

amplifiers can be used.

• Superior signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved (compared to

AM) if bandwidth is sufficiently high.

Disadvantages:

• Usually require more bandwidth than AM

• More complicated hardware

 Modulation Index

• The Peak Phase Deviation is given by:   max  t 

• ∆θ is related to the peak modulating voltage by:   D pV p Where V p  maxmt 

• The Phase Modulation Index is given by:  p   Where ∆θ is the peak phase
deviation

• The Frequency Modulation Index is given by:

F • ∆F Peak Frequency Deviation

f 
B • B Bandwidth of the modulating
signal
 Spectra of Angle modulated signals

Spectrum of Angle modulated signal S f  

1
2
 
G  f  f c   G   f  f c 

Where 
G  f   g t    Ac e j t  

• Spectra for AM, DSB-SC, and SSB can be obtained with simple formulas
relating S(f) to M(f).

• But for angle modulation signaling, because g(t) is a nonlinear function of

m(t). Thus, a general formula relating G(f) to M(f) cannot be obtained.

• To evaluate the spectrum for angle-modulated signal, G(f) must be

evaluated on a case-by-case basis for particular modulating wave shape of
interest.
 Spectrum of PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
• Assume that the modulation on the PM signal is
m p t   Am sin  m t Then  t    sin  m t
Where  p  D p Am   is the phase Modulation Index.

Same θ(t) could also be obtained if FM were used

where m f t   Am cos mt

and    f  D f Am /  m
The peak frequency deviation would be
1
F  D f Am
2

The Complex Envelope is:

g t   Ac e j t  j sin  m t 1
 Ac e which is periodic with period Tm 
fm
Spectrum of PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
Using discrete Fourier series that is valid over all time, g(t) can be written as

 e e
n 
g t   n jn m t Ac Tm 2 j sin m t  jn m t
c e Where cn  dt
n   Tm Tm 2

 1  j   sin  n  
Which reduces to c n  Ac 
 2
 e   Ac J n  
Jn(β) – Bessel function of the first kind of the nth order

J n     1 J n  
n
Is a special property of Bessel Functions

Taking the fourier transform of the complex envelope g(t), we get

n  n 
G f    c   f  nf 
n  
n m or G  f   Ac  J      f  nf 
n 
n m
Bessel Functions of the First Kind

J0(β)=0 at β=2.4, 5.52 & so on


Bessel Functions of the First Kind
 Frequency spectrum of FM
 The FM modulated signal in time domain

S (t )  Ac J
n  
n (  ) cos[( c  n m )t ]
Observations:
• From this equation it can be seen that the frequency spectrum of an FM waveform with a
sinusoidal modulating signal is a discrete frequency spectrum made up of components
spaced at frequencies of c± nm.

• By analogy with AM modulation, these frequency components are called sidebands.

• We can see that the expression for s(t) is an infinite series. Therefore the frequency
spectrum of an FM signal has an infinite number of sidebands.

• The amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands of an FM signal are given by the
corresponding Bessel functions, which are themselves functions of the modulation index
Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation
• The following spectra show the effect of modulation index, , on the
bandwidth of an FM signal, and the relative amplitudes of the carrier and
sidebands

 
 S( f ) 
 
 1A 
 c 
 2 
1.0

f
BT
Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation

 
 S( f ) 
 
 1A 
 c  J0(1.0)
 2 

1.0
J1(1.0)

J2(1.0)

f
BT
Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation

 
 S( f ) 
 
 A 
1
 c 
 2 
1.0

BT
Carson’s rule
• Although the sidebands of an FM signal extend to infinity, it has
been found experimentally that signal distortion is negligible for a
band limited FM signal if 98% of the signal power is transmitted.

• Based on the Bessel Functions, 98% of the power will be

transmitted when the number of sidebands transmitted is 1+ on
each side.

(1+fm
 Carson’s rule
• Therefore the Bandwidth required is given by
BT  2    1 B

β – phase modulation index/ frequency modulation index

B – bandwidth of the modulating signal

For sinusoidal modulation B  fm

• Carson’s rule : Bandwidth of an FM signal is given by

BT  2  1 f m

Note: When β =0 i.e. baseband signals BT  2 f m

Narrowband Angle Modulation
• Narrowband Angle Modulation is a special case of angle modulation where
θ(t) is restricted to a small value.
 (t )  0.2 rad

• The complex envelope can be approximated by a Taylor's series in which

only first two terms are used.
g t   Ac e j
becomes g t   Ac 1  j t  [ because e x  1  x for x  1]

• The Narrowband Angle Modulated Signal is st   Ac cos ct  Ac t sin ct

• The Spectrum of Narrowband Angle Modulated Signal is

S f  
Ac
  f  f c     f  f c   j f  f c    f  f c 
2
 D p M  f , PM

where  f    t    D f
 j 2f M  f .
FM

Indirect method of generating WBFM

Balanced Modulator st   Ac cos ct  Ac t sin ct

Wideband Frequency modulation
Direct method of generation of FM
FM Demodulators
• Slope detector
• Balance slope detector
• Demodulator using PLL
• Quadrature detector
• Zero crossing detector
• Foster Seeley discriminator
• Ratio detector
Tuned Circuit

a Tuned Circuit b The magnitude response of the tune circuit

Balanced Slope Detector

a. Circuit diagram of Balanced Slope Detector b. Frequency response of the balanced slope
detector
Balanced Slope Detector
• Primary is tuned to fc
• One secondary is tuned to frequency above fc
• One secondary is tuned to frequency below fc
• The output of the tuned circuits is envelop detected.
• The difference in the envelop detected outputs is proportional m(t)
Zero Crossing Detector

a Block diagram b Amplitude limited FM Signal c Pulses

FM Demodulation using PLL

a Block diagram of PLL b Phase Detector PD in the Fig. a. c PLL as a negative feedback
loop