Long Term Evolution

LTE

The Second meeting of SATRC

Working Group on Spectrum
12-13 December 2011
Colombo, Sri Lanka

Sanjeev Banzal
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
sbanzal@gmail.com 1
 Table of contents
Introduction
IMT-advanced techniques including LTE, LTE-
Advanced
Comparison of specifications/speed
Technologies(2G, IMT, IMT-Advanced) in SATRC
countries
Challenges posed by technologies like LTE in
spectrum management
Recommendations to overcome these challenges
Conclusions
2
 Introduction
• Spectrum is a finite and scarce but non-
exhaustible natural resource which is a vital
input for wireless services
• Rapid development of wireless technology
has ensured that there is an increasing
range of valuable uses of the spectrum
• With competing users, uses and growth of
wireless services, the demand for spectrum
has tremendously increased.

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka 3
 Introduction
• The trend of modern communications is
towards mobility, with increasingly higher
data rates/ speeds, for which wireless is the
only option
• The requirements of captive applications
are also growing.
• All these have resulted in greater demands/
pressure on the already scarce RF spectrum
resource

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka 4
 Introduction
• Shortage of spectrum will be setback to
innovations, competition, businesses and
consumers.
• Making spectrum available at a time when
convergence is causing rapid and unpredictable
change poses a severe challenge.
• Advances in technology create the potential for
systems to use spectrum more efficiently and to
be much more tolerant of interference than in
the past.

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 Introduction
• With the availability of higher data speeds, the user
requirements are also continually increasing wrt:
– different services and applications,
– expecting a dynamic, continuing stream of new
capabilities that are ubiquitous and available across a
range of devices using a single subscription and a single
identity.
• Requirement for new radio access technologies to
satisfy the anticipated demands for higher
bandwidth services is increasing.
• IMT and IMT-Advanced technologies are the answers
to these requirements
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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 IMT and IMT-Advanced Technologies
• LTE, LTE Advanced and Wireless MAN-
Advanced, are designed to enable high speed
Internet/Broadband at anytime, anywhere.
• These systems facilitate higher bandwidth, higher
data rate and support higher level of user-level
customization.
• As per ITU for IMT-Advanced technologies, the
targeted peak data rates are up to 100 Mbit/s for
high mobility and up to 1 Gbit/s for low mobility
scenario. Scalable bandwidths up to at least
40 MHz should be provided

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 IMT-Advanced Technologies-Key Features
• High degree of commonality of functionality
worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support
a wide range of services and applications in a cost
efficient manner;
• compatibility of services within IMT and with
fixed networks;
• capability of interworking with other radio access
systems;
• high quality mobile services;
• User equipment suitable for worldwide use;
• User-friendly applications, services and equipment;
• Worldwide roaming capability; 8
LTE and LTE-Advanced Technologies

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka 9
 LTE and LTE-Advanced Technologies

• LTE and Wimax technologies are available since

2009/2006.

• Current versions are called ‘LTE-Advanced’ and

WirelessMAN Advanced respectively.

• Qualifies IMT-advanced technologies make use of same

key technologies:
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDMA)

– Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and

– System Architecture Evolution (SAE)

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 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
• Uses multiple transmitter and receiver antennas, which
allow independent channels to be created in space.
• Various Approaches for MIMO:
– Space diversity:- to improve the communication reliability
by decreasing the sensitivity to fading by picking up
multiple copies of the same signal at different locations in
space.
– Beamforming:- antenna elements are used to adjust the
strength of the transmitted and received signals, based on
their direction for focusing of energy.
– Spatial Multiplexing:- Increased capacity, reliability,
coverage, reduction in power requirement by introducing
additional spatial channels that are exploited by using space-
time coding The Second meeting of SATRC Working Group on Spectrum 11
12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

• Based on the idea of dividing a given high-bit-rate data

stream into several parallel lower bit-rate streams and
modulating each stream on separate carrier – often
called sub-carriers or tones.

• Multi-carrier modulation scheme minimize inter-symbol

interference (ISI) by making the symbol time large
enough so that the channel-induced delays are an
insignificant (<10%) fraction of the symbol duration.

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

• OFDM is a spectrally efficient version of multi-carrier

modulation where the sub-carriers are selected such that
they are all orthogonal to one another over the symbol
duration, thereby avoiding the need to have non
overlapping sub-carrier channels to eliminate inter-
carrier interference .

• Guard intervals are used between OFDM symbols. By

making the guard intervals larger than the expected
multi-path delay spread, ISI can be completely
eliminated

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 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

• OFDM can be used as a multi-access scheme, where

the available sub-carriers may be divided into several
groups of sub-carriers called sub-channels. Different
sub channels may be allocated to different users as a
multiple access mechanism. This type of multi access
scheme is called OFDMA.
• OFDMA is essentially a hybrid of FDMA and TDMA.
Users are dynamically assigned sub-carriers (FDMA) in
different time slots (TDMA).
• OFDMA is a flexible multiple access technique that
can accommodate many users with widely varying
applications, data rates and QoS requirements.
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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Long Term Evolution(LTE): Speed

• Capabilities:-
– Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4, 3, 5, 10,
15, and 20 MHz

– Up/Downlink peak data rates up to 86.4/326 Mbps with 20

MHz bandwidth

– Operation in both TDD and FDD modes

– Reduced latency, up to 10 ms round-trip times between

user equipment and the base station, and upto less than
100 ms transition times from inactive to active

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Long Term Evolution(LTE): Specifications and Speed

LTE specification
Parameter Details
Peak downlink speed with 64QAM in Mbps 100 (SISO), 172 (2x2 MIMO), 326 (4x4 MIMO)
Peak uplink speeds(Mbps) 50 (QPSK), 57 (16QAM), 86 (64QAM)
All packet switched data (voice and data). No
Data type
circuit switched.
Channel bandwidth (MHz) 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20
Duplex schemes FDD and TDD
0 - 15 km/h (optimised),
Mobility
15 - 120 km/h (high performance)
Idle to active less than 100ms
Latency
Small packets ~10 ms
Downlink: 3 - 4 times Rel 6 HSDPA
Spectral efficiency
Uplink: 2 -3 x Rel 6 HSUPA
OFDMA (Downlink)
Access schemes
SC-FDMA (Uplink)
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Uplink and
Modulation types supported
downlink)

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 Long Term Evolution(LTE)-Advanced: Key Features
• Features:-
– Compatibility of services
– Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low
mobility).
– Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE.
– Peak spectrum efficiency: downlink – 30 bps/Hz; uplink –
6.75 bps/Hz.
– Spectrum use: the ability to support scalable bandwidth use
and spectrum aggregation where non-contiguous spectrum
needs to be used.

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 Comparison of various IMT (Advanced) technologies

WCDMA HDPA HSPA+ LTE LTE

(UMTS) Advanced
Max downlink speed( bps) 384 k 14 M 28 M 300M 1G
Max uplink speed (bps) 128 k 5.7 M 11 M 75 M 500 M
Latency round trip time 150 ms 100 ms 50ms ~10 ms less than 5
(approx) (max) ms
3GPP releases Rel 99/4 Rel 5 / 6 Rel 7 Rel 8 Rel 10
Access methodology CDMA CDMA CDMA OFDMA OFDMA /
/SC-FDMA SC-FDMA

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LTE Equipment Categories

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 LTE-User Equipment (UE) Category

• The LTE UE (User Equipment) categories or UE

classes are needed:
– to ensure that the base station (eNodeB) can communicate
correctly with the user equipment.
– So the base station is able to determine the performance of
the UE and communicate with it accordingly.
• Five different LTE UE categories defined with a wide
range in the supported parameters and performance
e.g. LTE category 1 does not support MIMO, but LTE
UE category five supports 4x4 MIMO.

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 LTE UE category data rates

Category 1 2 3 4 5

Downlink 10 50 100 150 300

Uplink 5 25 50 50 75

LTE UE category modulation formats supported

Category 1 2 3 4 5

Downlink QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

QPSK,16QAM,
Uplink QPSK, 16QAM
64QAM

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka 21
Spectrum bands for Mobile Technologies
(2G, IMT, IMT-Advanced) in SATRC
countries

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 Technologies(2G, IMT, IMT-Advanced) in SATRC countries

• Based on the data available, the bands being

operated in SATRC Countries are:
• 450, 700, 800, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz;
2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 3.3-3.6GHz for various mobile
services i.e. 2G,3G,BWA services, with
various block sizes offered to the mobile
operators.
• Spectrum Allocation methodologies varies
from Command& Control to auction.

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Spectrum Bands Identified for various wireless
telecom services (INDIA)

Band Technology
450MHz 2G & 3G
700 MHz Digital Mobile TV
800 MHz 2G & 3G
900MHz 2G
1800MHz 2G
1900MHz 2G & 3G
2010-2025 MHz BWA

2.1 GHz 3G
2.3 GHz BWA
2.5 GHz BWA
3.3 GHz BWA
3.4GHz BWA
2.4-2.4835, 5.15-5.35 & 5.725-5.875 GHz are unlicensed spectrum bands

24
 3G and BWA Price Discovered in India
3G Price (Rs Cr) (2x5 BWA Price (Rs Cr)
Type Circle MHz) (20MHz)
Metro Delhi 3,316.93 2241.02
Metro Mumbai 3,247.07 2,292.95
A Maharashtra 1,257.82 915.64
A Gujarat 1,076.06 613.85
A Andhra Pradesh 1,373.14 1,059.12
A Karnataka 1,579.91 1,543.25
A Tamil Nadu 1,464.94 2,069.45
Metro Kolkata 544.26 523.20
B Kerala 312.48 258.67
B Punjab 322.01 332.27
B Haryana 222.58 119.90
B Uttar Pradesh (E) 364.57 142.50
B Uttar Pradesh (W) 514.04 183.87
B Rajasthan 321.03 97.32
B Madhya Pradesh 258.36 124.66
B West Bengal 123.63 70.97
C Himachal Pradesh 37.23 20.66
C Bihar 203.46 99.28
C Orissa 96.98 63.63
C Assam 41.48 33.02
C North East 42.3 21.27
C Jammu & Kashmir 30.3 21.27
Total 16,750.58 12,847.77
25
Total in US $(bn) 3.72 2.86
 Challenges posed by technologies like LTE in
spectrum management

• Identification of common spectrum bands

– Common to SATRC Countries for Ubiquitous
roaming
– identify the availability of large chunk of spectrum
in the identified bands
• Spectrum management planning, allocation,
allotment and regulations of frequency
bands
– to determine the use or uses that would best serve the
public and government interest

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 Challenges posed by technologies like LTE in
spectrum management

– to tackle the transmissions interference unless the user

frequencies are sufficiently separated in terms of frequency,
geography or time
– co-ordination with neighbouring countries, to mitigate the
extent of harmful interference
– need to strike a balance between reducing the extent of
harmful interference, through careful planning, and
enabling new and potentially valuable new services to enter
the market

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Challenges posed by technologies like LTE in
spectrum management

• Frequency assignment and licensing

– Traditional methods poses many challenges in
terms of time, technological progress and the
delivery of services, thus causing inefficient
utilization of this precious resource.
– to assign spectrum to those who value it the most
and are able to utilize rationally and efficiently

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Challenges posed by technologies like LTE in
spectrum management

• Responsive to change
– to devise procedures to ration current and future
demand for radio spectrum between competing
commercial and public service users
– it would require a detailed knowledge of supply
and demand trends, technology developments, and
the relative value to society of alternative services
– accumulation and assimilation of sufficient
information to make a correct assignment of
spectrum to optimise use over time

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 Recommendations

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 Recommendations to overcome challenges

• Audit the spectrum held by various agencies viz

Govt agencies, telecom/broadcasting operators to see
if they are employing spectrum efficient techniques.
• Refarm the spectrum
– Shift the existing users to other bands or they may be asked
to start new technologies in the same band i.e. 2G spectrum
bands may be refarmed for its usage for IMT or IMT
advanced application and the operators may be asked to
switch over to the new bands or it can be done after expiry
of their validity of license.

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12-13 December 2011 Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Recommendations to overcome challenges

• Refarm the spectrum

– to permit the existing users to use the existing band for
IMT advanced services however they may be required to
pay to the Govt or regulator the balance the price they
already have paid and the price which can be discovered
using auction methodology or market driven mechanism.
• Change the traditional way of spectrum
planning and engineering:-Taking into
consideration the interest of the operators and revenue to the
Govt. The spectrum should be assigned to those operators
who value it the most.

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 Recommendations to overcome challenges

• Spectrum sharing and trading:- Spectrum sharing, trading

and spectrum pooling are some of the ways to efficiently
utilize the available spectrum. In the developed countries
spectrum trading and sharing is permitted in some of the
spectrum bands. In light of new developments, this aspects has
to be relooked into.
• Exploring the new bands: new bands may be explored
either for the telecom applications or for the application which
are running in the bands meant for the telecom applications, so
that other applications can be shifted to these bands and bands
for the telecom applications may be made available for the
telecom applications.

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 Conclusions

• As it is clear that new technologies are posing

challenges to the world at large and SATRC
countries in particular.
• There is a need to face the challenges posed by the
new technologies and adopt their policies and
planning for the new changes in the environment

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 QUESTIONS

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35