By

Pujitha Voleti
1501022
 WHAT IS THE OZONE LAYER?

The ozone layer is a region of Earth's stratosphere

that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV)
radiation.

It contains high concentrations of ozone (O3).

The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower

portion of the stratosphere, from approximately
20 to 30 kilometres above Earth.
When was the ozone layer formed?
-Over two billion years ago.
-Early aquatic organisms called blue-green algae began
using energy from the Sun to convert molecules of water
(H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and recombine them
into organic compounds and molecular oxygen (O2).

FORMATION OF OZONE LAYER

ROLE OF THE OZONE LAYER.

-The function of the ozone layer is to shield the Earth

from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
-The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 % of the Sun's
medium-frequency ultraviolet light.
-It regulates the weather and climate of the earth.
 OZONE HOLE
The ozone hole is a region of depleted ozone in the stratosphere
over the Antarctic that happens at the beginning of Southern
Hemisphere spring.
 OZONE LAYER DEPLETION(CAUSES)
-Scientists in the 1960s realized that something
was going wrong in the ozone layer.

-They soon figured out that human actions

were damaging Earth's shield against harmful
radiation.

-Release of harmful gases like: CFC, HCFC, Methyl

Bromide o Used in Air-conditioners, Refrigerators,
fire extinguishers.

-VOC(Volatile organic compounds) Emitted by

vehicles.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Used in-
-Industries.
-Coolants for refrigerators and air conditioners.
-Propellant in spray cans.
-Plastic foams.
Some Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
Human Health
Skin diseases
Cancer, Eye Cataracts.
Plants & Trees
Reduces crop production, damage to seeds
Reduces quality of crops, damage to leaves.
Aquatic Organisms
Damage to plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae,
shrimp, crabs
Affects marine food chain
Materials
degrades paints, rubber, wood, & plastics,
especially in tropical regions
Ground Level Smog
Increase in the formation of Ground level ozone as a pollutant
High economic cost
Damages could be in billions of US dollars
 SOLUTIONS
Firstly the consumption of all the
cfcs should be STOP

And we should use the 3rs….reuse , recycle,

reduce.

Alternate to CFC,HCFC must be

introduced by the manufacturers
of AC, Fridge etc.
Plant more trees and avoid usage of pesticides.

Buying and using recycled products

Protocols should be introduced.

 MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The Montreal Protocol(1987) is a global agreement to
protect the stratospheric ozone layer.

To reduce the production and consumption of ozone

depleting substances in order to reduce their
abundance in the atmosphere.

The protocol set limits on the production of

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and related
substances that release chlorine or bromine to the
ozone layer of the atmosphere.
16 September
International Day for the Preservation of the
Ozone Layer.
 NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
AND
NUCLEAR HOLOCAUST
 A nuclear accident is defined by the (IAEA) as "an event that
has led to significant consequences to people, the environment
or the facility.“
-Lethal effects to individuals.
-Large radio active release to the environment.

 A nuclear holocaust is a theoretical scenario involving

result of a nuclear war or nuclear accident especially involving
widespread destruction of life and the environment.
Example for nuclear war:
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS

-Chernobyl. Chernobyl, Ukraine (former Soviet Union), April 26,

1986.
-Fukushima Daiichi. Fukushima, Japan, March 2011.
-Three Mile Island. Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA, March 28,
1978.
-Enrico Fermi Unit 1. Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan,
USA, October 5, 1966.
-SL-1.
-Sodium Reactor Experiment.
-Wind scale
Cumberland (now Cumbria), UK, October 10, 1957
PRIME EXAMPLE:
Chernobyl Disaster(1986)-Ukraine
• Nuclear power station developed
a problem
• Radioactive dust spread over
many kilometres
• Covered Europe and North
America
• 3 people died in the explosion
• 28 after due to radiation exposure
• Around 259 people were
hospitalized
• 135000 people had to be moved
immediately from the area
• Later another 1.5 lakh people by
1991.
• Estimated 6.5 lakh people have
been seriously effected.
EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE
CHERNOBYL EXPLOSION.
• affected all wildlife.
• Red Forest- was a forest right by the plant was named
this because plants had a red hue after the explosion.
These trees also died from the amount of radiation
they received.
Thyroid cancer

About 4000 cases of thyroid cancer had been

diagnosed in exposed children.
Genetic Mutations in humans.
 Boy with growth containing his kidneys. Nurse hugs 3- year-old Yulya, whose
brain is in a membrane in the back of his
head.

Boys who are unable to walk. Birth defects

caused by Chernobyl radiation.
Genetic mutations in animals
OTHER PROBLEMS

• Food & Water

• Milk—Farmers have to watch the
radiation level in milk.
• Fish—Cannot be eaten, as water
absorbs radiation and fats
concentrate it
• Radioactive Floods
• Lives ruined
• Suicide and depression
• Even healthy people were
traumatized
EFFECTS ON ECONOMY AROUND THE CHERNOBYL
EXPLOSION.

• Between 300,000 and 600,000 people were brought in to clean-

up.

• Crops were destroyed, livestock was killed, everywhere there

was radiation.

• Over 235 billion dollars has been spent to clean up the disaster.

• Belarus lost 1/5 of its farming lands.

• 350 industries were lost due to the disaster.

 Committed Errors
• Human: Lack of communication and making erroneous
decisions
• Design: Unstable reactors and separation of responsible
users
• Automation: The system allows actions that endanger
security of the central
 Proposed Solutions
• Human error: its necessary give them sufficient instruction,
as well as a
communication device to know every taken action
• Design error: Close the reactors of this type, and the new
designs must have the
controllers in the same room
• Automation error: System can’t afford to take dangerous
actions