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-Blocking,
-Confounding, and
-Fractional Factorial
Designs.
Wednesday, July 30, 2014 Emanuel Msemo
4:30pm – 6:30 pm
1020 Torgersen Hall
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COURSE CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS
1.1 Introduction
Independent Variables
The variable that is under the control of the
experimenter.
The terms independent variables, treatments,
experimental conditions, controllable variables
can be used interchangeably
Dependent variable
The dependent variable (response) reflects
any effects associated with manipulation
of the independent variable
Now
Sources of Variation are of two types:
Those that can be controlled and are of
interest are called treatments or treatment
factors
…….
PROCESS
…….
X1 X2 XP
Controllable factors
Adapted from Montgomery (2013)
The primary goal of an experiment is to determine the
amount of variation caused by the treatment factors in the
presence of other sources of variation
The objective of the experiment may include the following;
Researchers were
interested to see the
food consumption of
albino rats when
exposed to microwave
radiation
Independent variable?
……………………….
Dependant variable?
……………………….
Randomization
The allocation of experimental material and the order in
which the individual runs of the experiment are to be
performed are randomly determined
Replication
Independent repeat run of each factor combination
B High B High
30 52
A Low A High
B Low 20 40 B Low
A Low A High
Main effect : Change in response produced by a
change in the level of a factor
Factor A
Main Effect = 40 + 52 _ 20 + 30
2 2
= 21 ,Increasing factor A from low level to high level,
causes an average response increase of 21 units
Factor B
Main Effect = ?
Interaction
A Low A High
40 12 B High
B High
A Low 20 50
A High
B Low B Low
At low level of factor B
The A effect = 50 – 20
= 30
The A effect = 12 - 40
= -28
A effect = 1
In this case, factor A has an effect, but it depends on the
level of factor B be chosen
Interaction Graphically
B High
B High
B Low
B Low
130 155 34 40 20 70
1
74 180 80 75 82 58
150 188 136 122 25 70
2
159 126 106 115 58 45
138 110 174 120 96 104
3 168 160 150 139 82 60
The design has two factors each at three levels and is
then regarded as 32 factorial design.
The design is a completely Randomized Design
2 .Is there a choice of material that would give uniformly long life
regardless of temperature?
Assumptions
1. The factors are fixed.
2. The designs are completely randomized.
3. The usual normality assumptions are satisfied.
The design with only two factors each at two levels is
called 22 factorial design
Factor
A B Treatment Combination
(1) + - - +
a + + - -
b + - + -
ab + + + +
The above is also called the table of plus and minus signs
Suppose that three factors, A ,B and C, each at two levels
are of interest. The design is referred as 23 factorial design
Treatment Factorial Effects
Combination I A B AB C AC BC ABC
(1) + - - + - + + -
a + + - - - - + +
b + - + - - + - +
ab + + + + - - - -
c + - - + + - - +
ac + + - - + + - -
bc + - + - + - + -
abc + + + + + + + +
B contrast = ?
In General;
The design with K factors each at two levels is
called a 2K factorial design
The important effects that emerge from this analysis are the main
effects of A,C and D and the AC and AD interactions
The main effect plot for Temperature
The plot indicate that its better to run the Temperature at high levels
The main effect plot for Concentration of
Formaldehyde
The plot indicate that its better to run the concentration of formaldehyde
at high levels
The main effect plot for Stirring rate
The plot indicate that its better to run the stirring rate at
high levels
However, its necessary to examine any
interactions that are important
Suppose each batch of raw material is only large enough for two
treatment combination to be tested, thus two batches of raw
material are required
(1) + - - + 1
a + + - - 2
b + - + - 2
ab + + + + 1
Block 1 Block 2
The order in which the treatment
(1) a combination are run within a block
ab b are randomly Determined
The block effect and the AB interaction are identical. That is, AB is
confounded with blocks.
This scheme can be used to confound any 2K design
into two blocks
Two modification;
1. The 16 treatment combination cannot all be run using one batch of raw
material. Experimenter will use two batches of raw material, hence two
blocks each with 8 runs
L = x1 +x2 + x3
The two resulting blocks are;
(1) a
ab b
ac c
bc d
ad abc
bd bcd
cd acd
abcd abd
The half Normal plot for the blocked design
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P-Value
NOTE:
Blocking is a noise reduction technique. If we don’t
block, then the added variability from the nuisance
variable effect ends up getting distributed across the
other design factors
Two – level Fractional Factorial Designs
As the number of factors in a 2K factorial designs increases, the
number of runs required for a complete replicate of the design
rapidly outgrows the resources of most experimenters
3. Sequential experimentation
The one – half Fraction of the 2K Design
Suppose an experimenter has two factors, each at two
levels but cannot afford to run all 23 = 8 treatment
combinations
They can however afford four runs
A *I = A * ABC = A2BC = BC
A = BC
B = AC
This half fraction with I = ABC is called the
Principal fraction
Design Resolution
A design is of resolution R if no p-factor effect is
aliased with another effect containing less than R-p
factors
Roman numeral subscript are usually used to denote
design resolutions
Resolution IV designs
No main effects is aliased with any other main effect or with any two
factor interactions, but two factor interactions are aliased with each
other
e.g. A 24-1 design with I = ABCD is a resolution IV design
Resolution V designs
No main effect or two factor interactions is aliased with any other
main effect or two factor interaction, but two factor interactions are
aliased with three factor interactions
e.g. A 25-1 design with I = ABCDE
is a resolution V design
Construction of One half Fraction
A one half fraction of the 2K design is obtained by
writing down a basic design consisting of the runs for
the full 2K-1 factorials and then adding the kth factor by
identifying its plus and minus levels with the plus and
minus signs of the highest order interactions ABC..(K-1)
•We will first write down the basic design, which is 23 design
•The basic design has eight runs but with three factors