WHAT IS VARIATION?

________________________________
________________________________

IMPORTANCE OF
VARIATION
 Variation in Humans
• There are no individuals share exactly the same
characteristics although they have many
similarities
• Example : _________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

TYPE OF
VARIATION
 CONTINUOUS VARIATION
• Occurs when there is a complete range of
_______________________________________
for a particular characteristics
• Differences between individuals are ______ and
_____________
• Individual characteristics do undergo _________
___________
• Described as ___________
• The graph : ___________________
(a bell-shaped curve)
• Influenced by _______________________
• Example : ______________________________
______________________________
CONTINUOUS VARIATION
 DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
• Occurs when organisms ___________________
_______________a certain characteristics
• There is __________________ between to
extreme
• The characteristics fall into distinct categories with
_____________________
• Described as _______________
• The graph : ___________________________
• Not influenced by _________________________
• Example : ______________________________
_______________________________________
DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTINUOUS AND
DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
CONTINUOUS DIFFERENCES DISCONTINUOUS
VARIATION VARIATION
Definition and
example
Intermediate
characteristics
Quantitative or
qualitative

Genes

Phenotypes
Environmental factors
 CAUSES OF VARIATION
• Genetic
i) mutation
- ______________ mutation
- ______________ mutation
ii) sexual reproduction
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
• Environmental
i) _____________
ii) _____________
 Cause of variation : Crossing over
• Crossing over perform ______________________
• During __________, non-sister chromatid of
homologous chromosomes __________________
• There is an ______________________ segments
during crossing over.
• Then the chromatids ________ during anaphase II
of meiosis
• Gametes are produced with various combination
of chromosomes
Cause of variation : Crossing over
 Cause of variation :
Independent assortment
• Independent assortment of ____________
________________
• During metaphase I, the homologous
chromosomes are ________________ on
the metaphase plate
• Each homologous chromosomes is
assorted independently with the _____
________________ for each pair
Independent assortment
 Random fertilisation
• Fertilisation occurs when __________
(sperm & ovum) fuse to form zygote
• Fertilisation of a sperm and an ovum
______________________.
• Each gametes has a unique combination
of genes
• Zygote produced will have a variety of
diploid combinations
Random Combination Of The Gametes
• Mutation is _________________________
__________________________________
• Can occurs to particular __________
_____________ in somatic cell or gametes
• Mutation in gametes can be inherited
causing abnormal development in the
offspring
• 2 types of mutation:
1) ______________________
2) ______________________
 CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
• Involves changes in
1) the ___________ of chromosomes
2) ___________ of chromosomes

• Changes in __________ can be due to _________

________________________________________

• Changes in ________ occurs when ____________

______________________ during meiosis (addition
@ loss of chromosomes)
 Changes in structure of chromosomes

Figure Cause of mutation Explanation

______________ A fragment of chromosome

breaks off and is lost

______________ A fragment of chromosome is

doubled or repeated.
The new chromosome has
extra genetic material
 Changes in structure of chromosomes

Figure Cause of mutation Explanation

______________ A fragment of chromosome is

doubled or repeated.
The new chromosome has
extra genetic material

______________ A fragment of chromosome

breaks off and then attaches to
another chromosome
 Case 1 : _______________________________________
Changes in
no of
chromosomes
 Case 2 : _______________________________________
Changes in
no of
chromosomes
 GENE MUTATION

• Involves a ___________________ in the

structure of the gene
• An alteration in the _______________ of
the DNA (change the genetic code & order
of amino acids)
 GENETIC DISEASES
CHROMOSOMAL GENE
MUTATION MUTATION
 GENETIC DISEASES CAUSE BY CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION

DISEASE NO OF CHROMOSOMES SEX

CHROMOSOMES INVOLVED

Down’s
syndrome
Turner’s
syndrome
Klinelfelter’s
syndrome
 DIASEASES CONDITION
Sickle-cell anemia • Mutation on gene that _________
______________________
• Haemoglobin will __________
and clumps then change to sickle
shape
• Sickle-cell is ___________ in
oxygen transportation
Albinism • Mutation on gene that controls
_______________
• the gene unable to produce
________________
Polydactylism • mutation on gene that cause an
effected individuals to have and
extra finger or toe
Factor that cause
variation
 Factor that cause variation

• Mutagen :
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________

• Example of mutagen
_______________________________
_______________________________
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTOR
THAT CAUSE
VARIATION
 Camouflage is a __________________ by which an
animal ________________________________ to its
surroundings. Thereby making it difficult for predators or
prey to see it

_______ the industrial revolution __________the industrial revolution

Before the industrial revolution
• ________________ environment
• The tree trunk covered by _______
is ____________ or _____coloured
• More ________ coloured moth than
________ coloured moth
• _______coloured moth were well
______________ and protect them
from _____________
• ________coloured moth has
____________ colour from the tree
trunk in unpolluted environment and
easily detected and eaten by
predators resulting in a __________
in their number
After the industrial revolution
• _____________ environment
• Tree trunk is __________(killing
the lichen) and the colour of the tree
trunk becomes _________
• More _________coloured moth
than __________ coloured moth
• _______ coloured moth were well
________________ and protect
them from ______________
• __________coloured moth has a
_____________colour from the tree
trunk and easily detected and eaten
by predators resulting in a
_______________ in population
• After the Clean Air Act was
introduced (1960s), air quality
_________, resulting in a _______
in population of ____coloured moth