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Content
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Lead-Acid Battery
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A cell holds chemical energy that gets converted to electrical energy
‘Cell’ ‘Battery’
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Battery = Cells in series
(where all the cells may / may not be in the same case / container)
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Types of Lead-Acid Battery used with DC power-
plants & UPS
Open type cell / battery -
This type of battery is totally sealed & cover can not be opened any time
This type of battery has a pressure valve (Rest these are same as SMF)
Valves are not supposed to be tempered
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Types of Lead-Acid Battery used with DC power-
plants & UPS
Open type cell / battery -
Advantages No pressure build-up
Easy measurement of charge status
Easy visual inspection
Disadvantages Requires topping-up
Fumes , hence requires separate room
Less safe to work with/near it
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Types of Lead-Acid Battery used with DC power-
plants & UPS
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Reasons of using Lead-Acid Battery
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Important specification of Lead-Acid battery
• AH (Ampere-Hour)
• Charging Voltage-per-Cell
• End-cell voltage
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Important specification of Lead-Acid battery…contd
• K factor
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Typical Charging Characteristics
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Typical Discharging Characteristics
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Important points about Battery we should know
A
discharge
1. Life of a battery is quoted in 2 ways, whichever ends first – followed
• Number of years (represents stand by mode life) by a
• Number of charge/discharge cycles @ specified DOD (Depth Of Discharge) complete
charge of a
battery
2. Numbers of cycles in a battery life is dependent upon depth of discharge
1200 cycles @80% DOD
2000 cycles @ 50% DOD Depth of
discharge
4000 cycles @ 20% DOD
3. As max VRLA capacity is limited, cell paralleling is permitted but after due
matching of conductance.
4. AGM – VRLA battery is in use for BIL (AGM = Absorbed Glass Mat)
5. Gel – VRLA battery having better cyclic life than AGM have been tried out
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Important points about Battery we should know
6. Battery life is maintained chiefly with regulated & full charging and
maintaining the required temp of the battery enclosure (27°C).
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Important points about Battery we should know
9. K-factor
If actual rate of discharge is different than designed rate of
discharge, then the battery capacity needs to be de-rated. The
de-rating factor is K-factor.
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48 v- 600 Ah front view
VRLA
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Effect of High Temperature
The effect of operating temperature on VRLA battery is same as that of on any
other lead acid battery and the effect will be as follows,
Higher than normal
Discharge
Higher capacity
Higher rate of corrosion
Charge
Excessive over charge
Electrolysis of water
Shortened service life
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Effect of Low Temperature
Lower than normal
Discharge
• Lower capacity
• Low rate of grid corrosion
Charge
• Under charging of the battery
• Sulphation of the plates
• Shortened life
To some extent this can be compensated by adjusting the charger voltage setting
by +3 mV per cell per degree fall in the temperature
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Effect of Temperature
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Battery – Capacity Selection
• Battery capacity Depends upon discharge current, back-up time
required, operating voltage window and temperature
Computation –
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Handling the battery
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Handling the battery
Installation of Battery bank requires the following to be done
as per the battery manual –
Receiving Inspection
Installation considerations
System assembly
Post preparation
Connections
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Precautions while handling the battery
The precautions that need to be taken while
handling the Battery are:
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Receiving Inspection
Unpack the battery module, accessories box and check the following:
1. Quantity of the accessories as per the packing note
2. Transit damages
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Installation Considerations
Space considerations . . .
• Install the battery bank in a clean, cool and dry location
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Installation Considerations
Floor loading . . .
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Maintaining the Battery
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System Monitoring
Routine Checks:
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Routine Check…..contd
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Quarterly Monitoring:
Discharge the battery bank with equipment load (normally 10% of the
rated capacity) for 30 minutes and note down the individual cell
readings
If the average cell voltage is >2.0 volts, Individual cell readings should
be with in a range of + 0.03 V
If the average cell voltage is <2.0 volts, Individual cell readings should
be with in a range of + 0.1 V
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Quarterly Monitoring…..contd
• If any cell voltage reading falls out of the above range those cells
should be monitored very closely since there is a possibility that these
cells can become faulty in future
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Equalization Charge:
The equalization charging of the batteries needs to be done whenever the battery
cell voltages are not equal (differ by more than+ 0.03V) .This can be found out from
Short-term discharge test or from annual discharge test. The following precautions
need to be taken before the equalization charge:
2 Start DG set in manual & take on load manually. Wait for 10 minutes after switch
over of Load.
6 The battery bank has to be completely discharged up to end cell voltage i.e.
1.75 V for 2V battery.
7 Continuous monitoring of the individual cell voltage and the bank voltage has
to be ensured.
8 The readings shall be recorded in the format used for Battery discharge test.
9 As soon as cell reaches ECV of 1.75V, stop discharge test & bypass the cell &
11 Charge the battery bank with 0.1 C to 0.2 C rate current for a period of at least 21
hours.
12 Check the individual cell voltages after the charging. If the variation is more than 0.1 V
in the cells, carry out discharge test .
13 Carry out discharge test & check Battery back up, if during discharge test cells marked
prior to Equalisation test are not showing any improvement & voltage is dropping wrt to
other cells, cells called for replacement.
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Yearly Monitoring:
1. Charge the batteries at a constant voltage of 2.30 volts per cell with
current limited
to 20% of the rated capacity for 48 hr. or
to 10% of the rated capacity for 72 hr.
2. Then discharge the batteries at C10 rate. i.e. 10% current of the battery
rated Ah capacity
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Yearly Monitoring…..contd
4. After completing the test, if the capacity obtained is more than 90% of
the rated capacity then the same may be connected back to load after
recharge as mentioned in point (i) above.
6. If the capacity obtained is still less than 80% contact the nearest service
center
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Procedure for monthly boost charging of VRLA battery bank
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Dos & Don’ts
And
General Instructions
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DOs for VRLA Battery
• During “discharge-charge” test, find out the cell/battery with
maximum rate of voltage decrease. Mark it as the “weak cell” &
monitor its voltage during each discharge
• Keep the batteries away from heat source, sparks, fire etc.
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DOs for VRLA Battery
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DON’Ts for VRLA Battery
• Do not tamper the safety valves • Do not over tighten the terminal
bolts
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DON’Ts for VRLA Battery
• Do not allow any metal objects to fall • Do not install physically damaged
across the battery terminals cells
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DON’Ts for VRLA Battery
• Do not mix the batteries of different • Do not allow any direct sunlight to
capacities or makes fall on batteries
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General instructions about VRLA batteries
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General instructions about VRLA batteries
Apply a thin film of petroleum jelly on the terminal post to contactor joints ,
after the connections are made
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BATTERY BANK FAULT ANALYSIS
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BATTERY BANK TROUBLE SHOOTING ACTION PLAN
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Thank You
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