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The status of women in India has changed significantly over time. During the Vedic period, women had high status and property rights, but their role decreased during later periods. After independence, India enacted constitutional protections and legislation against discrimination. However, issues remain such as domestic violence, dowry practices, and female feticide. The government has implemented various laws to improve women's status and promote gender equality.
The status of women in India has changed significantly over time. During the Vedic period, women had high status and property rights, but their role decreased during later periods. After independence, India enacted constitutional protections and legislation against discrimination. However, issues remain such as domestic violence, dowry practices, and female feticide. The government has implemented various laws to improve women's status and promote gender equality.
The status of women in India has changed significantly over time. During the Vedic period, women had high status and property rights, but their role decreased during later periods. After independence, India enacted constitutional protections and legislation against discrimination. However, issues remain such as domestic violence, dowry practices, and female feticide. The government has implemented various laws to improve women's status and promote gender equality.
chanted Vedic hymns Women in Sutra Period: women kept away from Vedas relegated to household duties Women in Medivial Period: women saints Meera Bai muslims adopted early marriage dowry they were polygamous Status of women in British Period: status deteriorated lost their rights Regained status due to English education women’s conferences, social reformers Present day miseries: polygamy, enforced widowhood, dowry immoral traffic in women, discrimination female foeticide, female infanticide illiteracy among girls, violence against women Gender inequality in India: difference in economic roles, cultural traditions restriction of movement, autonomy of women marriage and family practices sex ratio- for 1000 men 933 women, 2001 census After independence: constitutional protections various legislations Constitutional provisions: constitution accepted principle of gender equality Article 14: assures equality before law Article 15 and 16: prohibits discrimination Article 15(A)(e): to renounce practices derogatory to dignity of women Article 16(1): equality of opportunity for all Article 39(d): equal pay for equal work Article 42: to provide for maternity relief to provide just and humane conditions Atrocities against women: violence against women rape, abduction, murder, domestic violence dowry deaths, wife valtering, sexual abuse female foeticide, sati, dowry harassment The Indian Penal Code, 1860: offences and atrocities: 1. Dowry: Section 304-B of IPC imprisonment of 7 years 2. Causing miscarriage without consent: sections 312 to 318 of IPC for causing death- life imprisonment 3. Outraging modesty of women: sections 354 of IPC imprisonment upto 2 years 4. Kidnapping and abduction: sections 359 to 374 of IPC imprisonment upto 10 years 5. Sexual offences: sections 375 to 376D of IPC 377 and 509 of IPC imprisonment of 7 years Offences relating to Marriage: cohabitation with a women by deceit section 453 of IPC-imprisonment of 10 years Bigamy during lifetime of a spouse: section 494 of IPC 7 years imprisonment, fine Adultery: section 497 of IPC Laws made to arrest atrocities against women: Child marriage: The Child Marriage Restraint Act,1929. Sati: The Commission of Sati(prevention)Act,1987 Dowry: The Dowry Prohibition Act,1961. Immoral traffic: The Immoral traffic(prohibition) Act,1956. Sexual harassment of women at workplace: considered as human rights violation welfare and safety of women- Factories Act,1948 Social legislative measures to uplift status of women in India: Before independence: The Prevention of Sati Act,1829 The Hindu widow Remarriage Act,1856 The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 After independence: 1. Hindu Marriage Act,1955: age of marriage 15 to 18 years 2. Hindu Succession Act,1956: equal rights in the property of the father 3. The Dowry Prohibition Act,1961: the act for destroying dowry system 4. The Equal Remuneration Act,1961: equal pay for equal work for men and women 5. The Immoral traffic(prevention) Act,1956: punishments for immoral traffic in women 6. The Medical Termination of pregnancy Act,1971: legalizes abortion on medical grounds 7. The Commission of Sati(prevention) Act,1987: for prevention of sati 8. The pre-natal Diagnostic techniques(Regulations and prevention of misuse) Act,1994: to prohibit misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques 9. The Family Courts Act,1984: for speedy settlement of marital disputes 10. The Maternity Benefit Act,1961: to provide maternity benefits to working women 11. The employees’ state insurance Act,1948: to provide maternity benefits to insured women 12. Inheritance Act: provides equal share to women in property 13. Amendment of Rape Law,1984: law is an instrument to remove social diabilities a tool for empowering women India’s emphasis on welfare state has impact on women’s status.