Advent of Islam into India

ISLAM

Meaning = Submission/Surrender to ‘Allah’ (‘the

God’)
• 570-632 AD
• Born in Mecca
• After receiving revelation in a cave at Hira at the
age 41, Muhammad declared himself as Messenger
of God.
• The Revelations received by Muhammad were
subsequently compiled in a holy book called the
Quran.
• The polity that Muhammad created was based on
the two concepts of
ummah : the Muslim community or believers
jihad : holy war
• SHAHADA – Witness
( acknowledgement of Muhammad as final Messenger of
Allah)
• SALAAT –
Prayer 5 times daily
• ZAKAT –
charity for the benefit of the Muslim community. ( tax)
• SIYAM:
fasting during the month of Ramzan
HAJJ –
Pilgrimage to Mecca

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• He started his preaching in 611 and died in 632
AD.

• After the death of Muhammad the leadership of

Caliphs( disciples ) 633-661 A.D

• Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 A.D

• Abbasid Caliphate 750-1250 A.D
• In 636 A.D an attempt was made to occupy
Debal in Sind cost.

• In 712 A.D the Arabs attacked under the leader

ship of Muhammad bin Qasim, the son-in-law of
Al Hajaj, the ruler of Iran. (Dahir of Sind)
• Causes of Arab Invasion
i) Arabs developed a craze of exploiting the wealth
of India as they did not have economic resources.
ii) To propagate Islam ( duty)
iii) Immediate cause and attack of Qasim
• First Muslim Invasion
Mohammad Bin Qasim's Invasion (712 AD)

• First Turk Invasion-

• Mahmud Ghaznavi's Invasion 998-1030 AD
He led about 17 expeditions to India to enrich himself by
taking away the wealth from India.
In 1025 he attacked and raided the most celebrated Hindu
temple of Somanath.

Second Turk Invasion

Mohammad Ghori's Invasion (1175-1206 AD) :
• Mohammad Ghori invaded India and laid the foundation of
the Muslim domination in India.
• Reasons for the Success of Turks in India :
– Rajputs lacked unity and organization; divided
by rivalries
– There was no central government
– Kingdoms were small and scattered
– Turks were better organized and took
advantage of the lack of mutual cooperation
among the Rajputs.
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi Sultanate
• Slave Dynasty 1206-1290
Qutubuddin Aibak, Sultan Razia, Balban
• Khalji Dynasty 1290-1390
Jalaluddin Khalji, Alauddin Khalji)
• Tighlaq Dynasty 1320-1414
Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlaq, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq,
Firuz Shah
• Sayyids Dynasty 1414-1451
Khizr Khan
• Lodhi Dynasty 1451-1526
Bahlul Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi
 Suntanate
Iquta Iqitadar
Shiqq Shiqdar
Paragana Amil
Panchayat
 Important Central Department Heads

Department Function

Diwan-i-Risalat Foreign affairs

Diwan-i-Ariz Military department

Diwan-i-Bandagan Department of slaves

Diwan-i-Qaza-i-
Department of justice
Mamalik
Diwan-i-Kohi Department of agriculture

Diwan-i-Wizarat Finance department

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 Important Central Officials

Wazir The Chief Minister of the State-in Charge of revenue and finances

Majlis-i-am A Council or officers consulted on important affairs of the state.

Ariz-i-Mamlik Head of Military department

Qazi Legal Officer
Wakil-i-dar Controller of the royal house hold.
Barid-i-mumalik Head of the state news agency
Amir-i-majlis Officer-in-charge of royal feasts, conference and festivals.
Dahir-i-mumalik Head of the royal correspondence.
Sadr-us-sudur Dealt with the religious matters and Islamic Law
Sadr-i-jahan Officers-in-charge of religious and charitable endowment.
Amir-i-dad Public prosecutors
Naib wazir Deputy Finance Minister
Mushrif-i-mumalik Accountant general
Amir-i-hazib Officer-in-charge of the royal court
Kazi-i-mumalik Chief Justice
Kazi-ul-kazat Head of the Central Judicial department
• The Delhi Sultanate in the beginning was, not
divided into provinces but into military commands
knows as Iqtas.
• Under Ala-ud-Din Khilji 11 Provinces and
Mohammad Tughlag the number rose to 23.
• Every province was under a governor
• Maintenance of law and order
• Enforce royal order
• Supply soldiers to the king
• Governors were generally disloyal and faithless

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 Iqtadars
The responsibilities of Iqtadars
were:-
1. To lead military campaigns.
2. Maintain law and order in their
Iqtas.
3. Supply soldiers to Sultan in times
of war.
4. Pay salaries to the soldiers.
5. Collect revenue and maintain
revenue records.
 Provincial Administration
Khalisa Jagir
King Autonomous control
walis or muqtis Governor
sahib-i-diwan
( North western part) (Deccan and Gujarat)
wazir wazir
ariz ariz
qazi qazi
 Official Responsibility
Amil- Collected land revenue and other taxes
Hazamdar Treasurer
Qazi- Judges
Shiqdar Criminal official
Kotwal Police head under Shiqdar
Faujdar Military official in charge of fort
Amin Measure land
Qanungo Maintained previous records of the produce
and assessment.
 Economy
Occupation – Agriculture
(rice, sugar cane, cotton & oil seeds)
Crafts- Weaving of wool & silk, jewellery
making, metal work & stone work)
Industrial centres - Delhi, Jaunpur, Lucknow &
Cambay
Trade centres - Central & West Asian states,
East Africa & China)
Classes in Muslim community
• Men with sword: soldiers, commanders and other
officials.
• They were graded into
• Khan, malik, amir-sipahsolar and sar-i-khail

Men with pen: non-Turikish foreigners or their

children.
• Judicial, educational and religious services
• Lowest strata of the society were composed
mainly of the artisan, the shopkeepers, the clerk
and the petty trader.
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 Nobility & Iqta System
Nobility group: The nobility was a powerful group
under the Sultanate period.
Most of the nobles were Afghan or Turkish in
origin.
The nobility class include provincial governors,
military commanders and high ranking
officials.
Iqta System- Instead of paying cash salary to an
officer, the state granted him a certain revenue
arising from a piece of land or village reserved
for the purpose.
• Under this system, out of the revenue collected, the
officer kept a certain amount of salary for maintaining
the soldiers of the Sultan.

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 Priests
This group was reserved for learned people like the
Maulvis, Qazis and the Ulema.

These citizens were considered superior and they

used to dedicate their lives to their respective
religions studying holy books and worshipping
God.
These citizens were a highly influential class and
were consulted by the sultan and his ministers
not only on important points of law but also on
matters of State policy.
The Ulema became very powerful and were very
important in the court.
The early Sultans of Delhi were almost completely
under their influence.
Ala-ud-din Khialji was the first Sultan to show more
independence and disregard of their advice.

In many cases like Firoze Shah’s, the Ulema became

so powerful that they became the virtual rulers and
the Sultans became powerless.

Many Sultans adopted measures to keep the power of

the Ulema under control.

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• Sometimes the Ulema did not accept a new
measure or policy which the Sultan had decided
to implement.

• Most of Foroze Shash’s plans were dropped

simply because the Ulema did not agree with
them.

• The influence of the Ulema on the state and

their interference in political and administrative
matters proved to be highly injurious.

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 ARISTOCRACY
This was the ruling class. It consisted of
the Sultan, the Nobles, the Hindu Raja
and princes and the landlords.

This was the most powerful social group

because they had wealth &power. They
enjoyed a lavish lifestyle
Town dwellers
• The town dwellers consisted of artisans,
craftspeople, merchants, slaves and domestic
servants, occupations were more for less
hereditary among the Hindu and Muslim
craftspeople.
• The merchants were prosperous

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• The life of the peasants was one of hard
work. Drudgery and poverty they
suffered greatly during the reign of
Muhammad bin Tughlaq but their condition
improved and they enjoyed during Firoze
sha reign.
• The tax plaid by the peasants was chief
source of the revenue for the government

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 FOOD
• New types of food such as Biryani , bread
and wine became a part of Indian cuisine.
Sultanate rulers were very fond of food.
• Thy hired the best chefs around the
world.
 DRESS

• Hindus and Muslims wore pyjamas- kurtas ,

kaftans ,salwar- kameez and continue doing so
to this day.
• Materials like silk and brocade were used to
make dresses and were very valuable.
 REPLACEMENT OF Language
• The establishment of the Turkish rule in India
led to the replacement of Sanskrit by Persian as
the official language in many regions.

• Although the Hindu kings patronized Sanskrit,

its days of glory were numbered.

• Verses from the Koran were engraved on some

buildings .