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Spring 2019
Lecture-slides1
1
Motivation
LTI
System
+ H(z)
G(z)
2
Lecture Contents
1) Course Logistics
2) Signals
a) Continuous Time (CT) signals
3) System
4) System Interconnection
5) Power and Energy of signals
6) Transformations of Time Variable 3
Signals
Signals are functions of independent variables that carry
information. For example:
• Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a circuit
• Acoustic signals --- audio or speech signals (analog or
digital)
• Video signals --- intensity variations in an image (e.g. a
CAT scan)
• Biological signals --- body temperature, Heart’s blood
pumping rate.
4
The Independent Variables
• Can be continuous
— Time
— Altitude
• Can be discrete
— Total population
— Digital image pixels
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CT Signals
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DT Signals
• x[n], n — integer, time varies discretely
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General Introduction
DT Signals
8
Examples
DT Signals
9
Examples
DT Signals
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Examples
DT Signals
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Many human-made DT Signals
Ex.#1 Weekly Dow-Jones Ex.#2 digital image
industrial average
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Systems (cont’d)
Continuous-Time System: Input and
output signals are continuous.
15
Example:
Acquiring Data with a Sound Card
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Example : RLC Circuit
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Example : A Communication
System
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More Examples
• Dynamics of an aircraft or space vehicle
• An algorithm for analyzing financial and economic
factors to predict bond prices
• An algorithm for post-flight analysis of a space launch
• An edge detection algorithm for medical images
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System Interconnections
• An important concept is that of interconnecting systems
— To build more complex systems by interconnecting
simpler subsystems
— To modify response of a system
Cascade
Parallel +
Feedback
+
20
Power and Energy of Signals
Signal is a function of varying amplitude through
time.
Good measurement of signal strength is the area
under the curve.
The area may have a negative part which does not
have less strength than a positive signal of the same
size.
Either square the signal or take absolute value, then
find the area.
Energy of a signal is the area under the squared
signal.
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Power and Energy of Signals
(cont’d)
Energy: accumulation of absolute of the
signal
T
E lim x(t ) dt x(t )
2 2
dt
T
T
N
E lim x[n] x[n]
2 2
N
n N
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Power and Energy of Signals
(cont’d)
What if the signal does not decay?
Infinite energy.
Power is a time average of energy
(energy per unit time). Useful for
infinite energy signal.
Power is the rate at which energy is
delivered.
23
Power and Energy of Signals
(cont’d)
Power: average of absolute of the
signal
T
1 E
P lim x(t ) dt lim
2
T 2T T 2T
T
1 N
E
P lim x[n] lim
2
N 2 N 1 N 2 N 1
n N
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Examples:
Energy signal if 0<E<, and so P=0.
e.g: 0, t 0
x(t ) t
e , t 0
X[n] = {1,1,1} discrete time energy signal
Power signal if 0<P<, and so E=.
e.g: x(t) = Acos(10t), x[n]=4
Neither energy nor power, when both E and P are
infinite.
e.g: x(t ) et
Exercise: Calculate power and energy for the above
signals.
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Transformations of Time
Variable
Three possible time transformations:
Time Flip (or reverse): x(-t), x[-n]
Flips the signal over the vertical axis.
Time Shift: x(t+a), x[n+a]
On horizontal axis, shifts to the right when
a<0, shifts to the left when a>0.
Time Scale: x(at), x[an] for a>0.
On horizontal axis, scales the signal length
down when a>1, scales it up when a<1.
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(cont’d)
• Time-flip example:
x(t) x(-t)
1 1
t t
-2 -1 1 2
• Time-shift example:
x(t-1) x(t+1)
1 1
t t
-2 -1 1 -3 -2 -1
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Transformations of Time Variable
(cont’d)
• Time-scale example:
x(2t) x(t/2)
1 1
t t
-1 -1/2 -4 -3 -2 -1
y(t)
2
t
1 2 3
-2
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Transformations of Time
Variable (cont’d)
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Transformations of Time
Variable (cont’d)
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