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ANGLE MODULATION
ECE 121/ EE 182
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Thus,
Varying the frequency fc Frequency Modulation
Varying the phase Фc Phase Modulation
FREQUENCY MODULATION
Frequency allocation
87.5 to 108.0 MHz (worldwide)
76–90 MHz (Japan)
65–74 MHz(Soviet Countries)
f kfEm
δ is the peak frequency deviation(Hz)
kf is the deviation sensitivity (Hz/V)
Em is the peak intelligence signal amplitude (V)
f kfEm
mf
fm fm fm
Where
Percent Modulation
f ( actual)
% modulation x100
f ( rated)
Where
FM Equation
kfE m
eFM(t) = Ec cos[ωc t + sin ωm t) ]
fm
eFM(t) = Ec cos[ωc t + sin ωm t) ]
fm
Example 1
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
An FM signal is defined as
eFM(t) = 35 sin [120 x 106 t + 5 sin 2500 t) ]
Find
a) Carrier frequency
b) Modulation Frequency
c) Modulation Index
d) Frequency deviation
• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •
LOGO
FM SPECTRUM
FM wave -expanded:
eFM(t) = Ec [cos (ωct) cos (mf sin ωm t) + sin (ωct) sin (mf sin ωm t) ]
Rule of Thumb:
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Carson’s Rule approximates the bandwidth
necessary to transmit an angle-modulated wave as
twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and
the highest-modulating frequency.
Deviation Ratio
Worst case modulation index that produces the
widest output frequency spectrum(bandwidth)
f (max)
DR
fm (max)
Average Power
Total power is equal to the power of the
unmodulated carrier, therefore, the power that was
originally in the unmodulated carrier is redistributed
among the carrier and its sidebands.
2
Vc
Pc W
2R
Example 5
An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and a
modulating frequency of 1 kHz. Its total power
is 5W, developed across a 50 Ω resistive load.
The carrier is 160 MHz.
Find
a) RMS signal voltage VT
b) RMS voltage at the carrier frequency and each of the first 3 sets
of sidebands
c) For the 1st 3 sidebands, calculate the frequency of each
sideband
d) Power at the carrier frequency and at each of the sideband
frequencies found in c
e) Sketch the signal in the frequency domain with vertical (dBm)
and horizontal(freq)
PHASE MODULATION
mp kpEm