7.

LESSON 7:
(Tutorial Support)

Harvard
Referencing
System
 7.1
Learning Objectives
• To overcome issues on plagiarism and collusion;
• To know about references and bibliography;
• To understand about Harvard, APA and other formats;
• To start using the Harvard Referencing System;
• To differentiate in-text references from the bibliography;
• To know how to cite sources from books, newspapers, etc.;
• To know how to cite sources of multiple authors;
• To know how to cite the Internet sources.
 References/Bibliography 7.2

 Harvard System (from University

of Harvard) wanted you to use the
heading “Bibliographic References”
to display the list.
 But many universities prefer to use
“Bibliography & References”, or
“References”, or “Bibliography”
instead.
 References/Bibliography 7.3

 Bibliography should contain a list

of sources that you have read, or
you have referred to, in order to
complete your research report.
 The sources should be arranged in
the alphabetical order of authors’
surnames. Sources should not be
numbered.
 Reference List 7.4

 The basic format, upon which all

other variations, is for an authored
book. The general form of such a
reference is:
 Author1, A., Author2, B., and
Author3, C. (Year Publication) Full
title of book. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
 Examples of 7.5

Reference Sources

 Ahmed, J. (2007) Small and medium

scale companies in malaysia. Kuala
Lumpur: ABC Publication.
 Hughes, G.E. and Cresswell, M.J.
(2002) An introduction to modal
logic. London: Methuan University
Paperback.
 Reference Sources 7.6

(Edited Books)

 Baskaran, S. (ed) (2001) Some fifty

essays on politics. Malaysia: XYZ
Press.
 Bell, J., Bush, T., Fox, A., Goodey, J.,
& Goulding, S., (eds) (2004)
Conducting small-scale investigations
in educational management. London:
Harper & Row/Open University.
 Reference Sources 7.7

(No author, No year)

 Anonymous (2002) The secrets of
making business deals. Penang: PQR
Publications.
 Atkinson, B. (ud.) General
mathematics, astronomy and
astrology. Kuala Lumpur: Open Press.
 ___ (2002) The secrets of …
Atkinson, B. ( __ ) General …
 Reference Sources 7.8

(Journal & Newspaper)

 Elliot-Kemp, J. (2006) “Decision

and strategies in stress
management”. In Educational Change
And Development, 7(2), pp. 4-9.
 Arukesamy, K. (2013) “Act against
Malaysian culprits”. In The Sun, 25
June 2013, a Malaysian daily
newspaper, p.4.
 Reference Sources 7.9

(Chapter in an Edited Book)

 Chapter-Author (Year) “Title of chapter”. In
Editor (ed.) (Year) Full title of book. Place:
Publisher.
 Powell, L. (1994) “Personal and social
education: a vehicle for prejudice
reduction”. In Singh, B.R. (ed.)
(1994) Improving gender and ethnic
relations: strategies for schools and
further education. London: Cassell.
 Reference Sources 7.10

(2 sources/author/year)

 Elliot-Kemp, J. (2006a) “Decision

and strategies in stress
management”, Educational Change
And Development, 7(2), pp. 4-9.
 Elliot-Kemp, J. (2006b) “The
management of stress”, Educational
Change And Development, 7(1),
pp. 19-23
 Reference Sources 7.11

(Internet Sources)

 Jones, P.Y. (2005) Software measurement:

case studies of twenty organisations.
Available at: http://xyza.edu.gatech/
softmeas.html. Accessed: 11th Feb 2006.
 Softmeas.html (2005) Software
measurement: case studies of twenty
organisations. Available at: http://
xyza.edu.gatech/softmeas.html.
Accessed: 11th February 2006.
 Reference Sources 7.12

(Short Form & Group Leader)

 (NICER) Northern Ireland Council for

Educational Research (1984) Register
for research 1978-82. Belfast: Northern
Ireland Council for Educational Research.

 Arsham, H., et al (1977) O.R. Group

Project Report. Unpublished report,
Statistics Dept, Cranfield University,
UK.
 Full Reference List 7.13

REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAHY

Ahmed, J. (2007) Small and medium scale companies in malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: ABC
Publication.
Anonymous (2002) The secrets of making business deals. Penang: PQR Publications.
Arsham, H, et al (1977) O.R. Group project report. Unpublished report, Statistics
Department, Cranfield University, UK
Atkinson, B. (ud) General mathematics, astronomy and astrology. Kuala Lumpur: Open Press.
Baskaran, S. (ed) (2001) Some fifty essays on politics. Malaysia: XYZ Press.
Bell, J., Bush, T., Fox, A., Goodey, J., & Goulding, S., (eds) (2004) Conducting small-scale
investigations in educational management. London: Harper & Row/Open University.
Charlesworth, E.A. (2006) Stress management. London: Souvenir Press.
Elliot-Kemp, J. (2006a) “Decision and strategies in stress management”, Educational Change
And Development, 7(2), pp. 4-9.
Elliot-Kemp, J. (2006b) “The management of stress”, Educational Change And Development,
7(1), pp. 19-23.
Feitler, F.C. (2005) “How to manage stress in the middle school”, Middle School Journal, 16,
pp. 26-27.
Fonteyn, D. (2005) Class room control. London: Methuen/British Psychological Society.
Grey, H. & Freeman, A. (2008) Teaching with stress. London: Paul Chapman.
Jones, P.Y. (2005) Software measurement: case studies of twenty
orgaisations.http://xyza.edu.gatech/softmeas.html. Accesses 11th February 2006.
 In-Text Referencing 7.14

 Once you have created a reference

list, all you need to do next in your
own writing is to refer to it.
 The general format of a citation
reference (or in-text reference) is
(Author, Year, pp. n-m) OR just
(Author, Year) placed against (or at
the end of) the citation.
 In-Text Referencing 7.15

(Example-1)

 It is because of the difficulties

inherent in doing any kind of research
that teachers, who are extremely busy
people, need to be encouraged and
complimented for undertaking any kind
of investigation into their own work.
This is part of the work-based learning.
(Singh, 2004, p.9)
 In-Text Referencing 7.16

(Example-2)

 There was probably less scope for

the non-, or less prejudiced to be
heard and the exercise may have
risked some reinforcement of
prejudice attitudes, by seeming
group acceptance (Bruin, 2006,
p.177). Therefore, ……
 In-Text Referencing 7.17

(Example-3)

 Collaboration was governed by

common commitments to group
identity, trust, respect and shared
ownership of the task (Gustafson
and Cooper, 2001; Henry, 2006)
which had characterized previous
dealing in training contexts.
 In-Text Referencing 7.18

(Example-4)

 Bell et al. (2000) offer a rich

discussion of a variety of approaches
to small-scale educational enquiries,
supported by pragmatic case studies.
 Bruner et al (2000) cited in Coffield
(2003, p.205) state that “the best
learning takes place when the learner
takes charge”.
 N.B. (note well) 7.19

 The different elements of each full

reference are identified by consistent
sequence, punctuation and emphasis
(underlined, italic or bold type). In
the examples earlier (above), italic
type has been chosen throughout.
 Sources in the Bibliography are also
called the long (or full) reference;
while the in-text sources are also
called the “short reference”.
 Last

The
END