TIMBER

PRESENTATION
GROUP MEMBERS

AASTHA JAIN
ITIKA JAIN
MISHTI SAXENA
PRIYANKA JAWA
SAGARIKA DUTTA
SRSHTI BATHLA

B ARCH FIRST YEAR

SECTION-C
25 JANUARY 2019
 TIMBER
 INTRODUCTION
 CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER
ON THE BASIS OF MODE OF GROWTH
 CHARARCTERISTICS
 USES
 DEFECTS
 SEASONING
 PRESERVATION
 COVERSION OF TIMBER
 TIMBER SPECIES IN INDIA
 MARKET SURVEY
 TIMBER
The wood which is suitable for
engineering purpose or construction is
called timber.
In fact, the word timber is derived from
an old English word ‘timbrian’, which
means ‘to build’.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER

MODE OF MODULUS OF DURABILITY GRADING AVAILABILITY

GROWTH ELASTICITY

ENDOGENOU HIGH
GROUP A ; E = GRADE 1 X
S DURABILITY
12.5 kN/mm2
MODERATE
EXOGENOUS DURABILITY GRADE 2 Y
GROUP B: E =
9.8 kN/mm2 to
12.5 kN/mm2
LOW
Z
DURABILITY
GROUP C:E =
5.6 kN/mm2 to
9.8 kN/mm2
 TYPES OF TREES
Trees are classified into two groups
depending upon growth pattern.

ENDOGENOUS EXOGENOUS
TREES TREES
The trees which grow
inwards in longitudinal The trees which grow
fibrous mass are called outwards across the horizontal
endogenous trees. section of a stem are called
exogenous trees
 EXOGENOUS TREES

CONIFERS
OR DECIDUOUS
EVERGREEN

They give soft wood and have

pointed leaves They give hard wood and have broad leaves
Examples : Pine, Deodar, Kail etc. Examples: Teal, Sal, Sheesham etc.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TIMBER
1. COLOUR : the colour of wood may be uniform, mottled or streaked. Light color indicates
weak timber.
2.Fresh cut timbers have a good smell.

3 .For the resistance of any kind of damage, hardness is an obvious property

.
4.Specific Gravity : It depends on pores present inside timber.

5.Moisture Content : Timbers are hygroscopic and gain water from nature. If timbers moisture
content is high that means the timber quality is low
.
6.Good quality timbers swell less. Timbers having thicker wall swell more than a thinner one.

7. Timber has to have the capability to bear shocks, jerk. Anti-bending and ant splitting
characteristic is needed.

8. Best quality timbers have the highest strength. the strength of timber is different at
different points. Grain structure determines the strength of the timber.
• Compressive strength: 500 kg/cm2 to 700 kg/cm2 load is enough to test timbers strength.
• Tensile strength: When timber is enough strong to the tensile force. If perpendicular force
is made then timber is weaker. 500-2000 kg/cm2 is the range of tensile strength load.
• Transverse strength: Enough bending strength indicates good quality timber.
 USES OF TIMBER
• Used for load bearing structures like beams, columns,
trusses and piles.

• Used for construction of railway sleepers, fencing poles,

electric poles, gates etc.

• Used for light construction works like doors, windows,

flooring and roofing.

• Used for temporary work like scaffolding, centering, shoring

and strutting.

• Used for manufacture of pulp, cardboard, wall papers,

plywood and boxes.
 DEFECTS IN TIMBER
The followings are the five main types of defects
in timber:
• Defects due to Natural Forces
• Defects due to Attack by Insects
• Defects due to Fungi
• Defects due to Defective Seasoning
• Defects due to Defective Conversion
• Knots. : Knots are the most
common defects caused due to
natural forces. During the growth of
a tree, branches close to the ground
or lower branches die. Bases of
those branches remain in the tree as
the trees grow. These bases may
create imperfection known as knots
Types of Knots: Knots are of two types.
i. Dead knots: The remains of damaged
branches after drying out they
become loose and fall out.
ii. Live knots: They are sound and firm.
If small, are not great of a defect
.
• Twist: Twist in timber rotates the
ends of the timber in opposite
directions. The main reason behind
this defect is twisting of the trees by
the strong wind.
• Rind Galls: the meaning of rind is bark and gall is abnormal growth. So
abnormal growth of the bark of the trees is called rind galls

• Upsets: Upsets in various wood indicate that the tree was subjected to
crushing or compression

• Stain: When fungi feed only on sapwood, where the food materials are
stored, it causes a stain. Stain action causes colour but does not affect the
strength of the wood.

• .
• Decay: wood eating or wood destroying fungus is responsible for this type of defect in
wood. This type of fungi breaks down the cell structure. Considerable strength
reduction occurs.

• Some of the defects resulting from defective seasoning are as follows:-

a. Bow: Curvature formed in direction of the length of the timber is called bow.
b. Cup: Curvature formed in the transverse direction of the timber is called a cup.
c. Check: Check is a kind of crack that separates fibers, but it doesn’t extend from one end to
another.
d. Split: Split is a special type of check that extends from one end to another.
e. Honey Combing: Stress is developed in the heartwood during the drying process or
seasoning. For these stresses, cracks are created in the form of honeycomb texture.
• Insects like beetles, termites or marine boars eat wood, make holes and weaken the
strength of the wood.
 SEAS ONING OF TIMBER
Reduction of moisture content along with improving some
qualities before the use of woods is called seasoning of timber.
By seasoning, generally, the moisture is reduced to about 15%
where new cut woods bear about 50%.

Followings are the reasons to perform

timber seasoning.
1.To change and improve the properties of
wood.
2. To make a correct percentage of shrinking
of woods.
3. To make a confident use of woods.
4. To reduce the adverse behavior of woods.

Reasons for Seasoning

METHODS OF SEAS ONING
OF TIMBER
There are mainly two methods of seasoning of timber.

• Natural Seasoning
Seasoning of woods or timbers using natural elements
is called natural seasoning. eg. water and air
seasoning.

• Artificial Seasoning of Timber (Kiln).

• Chemical Seasoning of Timber (Salt Seasoning).
• Electrical Seasoning of Wood.
• Seasoning by Boiling
 NATURAL SEAS ONING
• a. Water seasoning
• Removal of wood sap immersing logs into water flow is called water
seasoning. It is carried out on the banks of the river while thicker ends are
kept towards upstream.
• Disadvantage: It is time consuming such as 2 to 4 weeks generally.

• b. Air seasoning
• Exposing the woods to air for seasoning.The environment for this need to
maintain some conditions. A clean, shady, dry, cool place is preferred.
• Advantage:
• Good quality of seasoned wood.
• A large amount is convenient in this process.
• Well-seasoned timber is formed.
• Disadvantage:
• It’s a slow process.
 Artificial Seasoning
Seasoning by Boiling
• Seasoning by boiling wood logs in hot water is called seasoning by boiling. Drying
is done after proper boiling.
• Advantages
• It takes a short amount of time. Generally, 3-4 hours is good enough.
• Develops the strength and elasticity.
• Disadvantages
• It is serviceable basically for a small quantity of wood, not convenient for a large
amount.
• The cost is high.

Chemical seasoning
• Reduction of moisture using salt solution is called chemical seasoning. After the
absorption of water by the solution logs are let to dry.
• Advantage
• It increases the strength of the timber.
• It is less time-consuming.
• Disadvantage
• Chemical reagents can sometimes reduce strength.
• It can cause a problem in gluing or finishing or corrosion while using.
Kiln seasoning
• Seasoning of wood by using a large chamber or oven where there is a good
process for the circulation of hot air.
• Advantage
• Most effective and economic seasoning.
• Kiln seasoning can be done by 2 processes such as:-
• Progressive kiln Seasoning: Wood log is entered through the kiln ant the
temperature and humidity differentials are maintained through the length of the
kiln to maintain proper drying.
• Compartmental Seasoning: Its maintained by enclosed container or buildings.
Advantage: It accelerates the process because external energy is used.

Electrical seasoning
• in this method alternating current is used for drying the cells of wood by creating
heat. As electricity is used, it’s called electrical seasoning.
• Advantage:
• Using this method quick drying is obtained. a French electrical seasoning method
is used to season overnight.
• Disadvantages:
• The equipment required is very costly.
• It is an uneconomic process as a high rate of electricity is consumed.
• During heating the cells of wood or timber they lose their strength and become
weak
 Qualities Improved by
Seasoning
By seasoning, some common known qualities are improved
which are mentioned below:

• Strength
• Hardness
• Durability
• Weight
• Painting and finishing
• Gluing
• Resistance to insect attack
• Electrical resistance
• Heat content
 Precautions
Following precautions must be taken during seasoning of timber.

• Moisture should be extracted almost at an equal rate from all logs because
differentiated dryness causes irregular shape.

• Seasoned timber should be protected from exposure to the rain and

excessively high humidity during air seasoning.

• During seasoning, a proper gap between logs should be maintained for

easy and uniform air or water or hot air passing .

• Seasoned timber should be protected from exposure to the rain and

excessively high humidity during air seasoning.

• During seasoning, a proper gap between logs should be maintained for

easy and uniform air or water or hot air passing.
 The preservative used to protect the timber should
contain following requirements or properties
• It should be effortlessly and cheaply available.

• It should not contain any harmful substances, gases etc.

• Decorative treatment or any surface treatment should be allowed on timber after

the application of preservative.

• Strength of timber should not be affected by the preservative.

• It should not contain any unpleasant smell.

• It should not get affected by light, heat, water etc.

• It should not get affected by fungi, insects etc. and should also efficient to kill
them.

• It should not generate flame when contacts with fire.

• It should not corrode metals when it makes a contact with them.

 Methods of Preservation of Timber
Following are some of the common methods of preservation adopted

• (i) Charring
• Lower ends of the posts that are to be embedded in ground are generally charred with a view to
prevent dry rot and attack of worms.
• It is done by quenching the ends of posts in water after they are charred on wood fire to a depth
of 1.5 cm.

(ii) Tarring
• It consists in coating with tar or tar mixed with pitch. Embedded portions of timber
fence posts, ends of door and window frames, battens and beams built in wall are
usually tarred.
 (iii) Painting
A paint when applied to timber acts not only as a good preservative but also it
enhances the appearance of the surface so treated. Only well seasoned timber
should be painted as otherwise the moisture entrapped in the timber would
cause decay.

(iv) Creosoting

It is the process of applying creosote oil to the timber surface under high pressure.
This process is mostly adopted in case of poles, railway sleepers etc.

(v) Wolman salt

Wolman’s salt is the mixture of creosote oil and sodium Fluoride. It is water soluble
and does not leave any strains on the treated timber. This treatment can eliminate
certain types of fungi.

(vi) Vacuum pressure process:

This method is adopted, when maximum absorption of the preservative is to be achieved and
is considered as one of the best treatments.
 CONVERSION OF TIMBER
• It is the process of cutting and sawing timber into suitable
sizes required by the users.
• Market names of converted timbers are battens, boards,
planks, batten, lumber, deal, poles, scantling and so on
depending upon their sizes.

Sawing may be of different types

• Ordinary sawing
• Quarter sawing
• Tangential sawing
• Radical sawing
TIMBER S PECIES
IN INDIA
NAME COLOUR DENSITY CHARACTERISTICS USES LOCATION

BAMBOO Woody grass, flexible, strong and Scaffolding,

durable thatched roofs,
rafters, etc.
DEODAR Yellowish 5.60 Softwood, moderately strong, can be Making cheap Himalayas, UP,
brown worked easily furniture, packing Punjab
boxes, structural
works and railway
sleepers

OAK Yellowish 8.65 Strong, durable, straight and silvery For making sports
brown grained good

PINE Hard and tough, decays easily if in For pattern Throughout

contact with soil making, frames for India
doors and
windows, used as
paving material
TEAK Deep yellow 6.39 Moderately hard and durable, fire All superior works Central and
to dark resistant, most valuable timber, can South India
brown be washed easily.
CASUARINA Reddish 7.65 Grows straight, strong fibers often Scaffolding and Andhra
brown badly twisted posts for Pradesh, Tamil
temporary Nadu and
structures Karnataka
PALM Dark brown 10.40 Contains ripewood in the outer crest, For making Throughout
strong, durable, fibrous furniture, rafters India
and joints
MARKET SURVEY
 WOOD SAMPLES
SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME HINDI NAME RATE STATE

SHOREA ROBUSTA SAL SAKHU Rs 45/2.5*1.5 ASSAM

TECTONA GRANDIS TEAKWOOD SAAGUN Rs 45/2.5*1.5 NAGPUR

PINUS PINEWOOD PINEWOOD Rs 25/2.5*1.5 ASSAM

DALBERGIA SISSOO ROSEWOOD SHEESHAM Rs 45/2.5*1.5 RAJASTHAN

SHOREA MERANTI MERANTI Rs 35/2.5*1.5 ASSAM

ROXBURGHII
US ES
- All the samples are used in kitchen cabinets ,
furniture after converting into plywood.
- Meranti is specifically used in Windows and doors.
- Sheesham is used for wooden teaspoons and
boats.
- Pinewood can be used for normal furniture as it is
the weakest of them all.
- Sal and teakwood are the strongest and are
weather resistant and are used in rainy areas .Sal is
termide proof.
 CHIDAI MACHINE FOR MAKING HOLES
RANDHA MACHINE FOR SMOOTH EDGES OR RECTANGULAR SPACES IN THE WOOD

DRILL MACHINE FOR MAKING HOLES

GLENDER MACHINE FOR SMOOTHENING CUTTER MACHINE FOR CUTING WOODS
CENTURY PLYWOOD ROLEX PLYWOOD UNI PLYWOOD

BIRLA SHAKTI
PLYWOOD WPC
THANK YOU