Alat Reproduksi

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 microsporophyll showing
Cycas male cones
microsporangia on surface

male cone with 2

C.S. microsporophyll
microsporophylls
removed & microsporangia
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note microsporangium,
tapetum, microspores
 Female cones & megasporophylls

Megasporophyll of
Cycas with developing
seed. Note the other
aborted ovules. In Cycas, megaporophylls are
not grouped into cones but occur
in a ring around the shoot apex.
Most other cycads,
however, have both
male and female
cones (see right).
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 Pollination
integument
Cycad cones generate heat which
micropyle
may aid in the release of insect-
megasporangium attracting odours. It seems as
archegoium though small insects such as
female gametophytebeetles serve as the pollinators.
The pollen grain (microspore)
lodges in the water-filled micropyle
and is drawn into the pollen
chamber as the water evaporates.
tube generative prothallial
cell cell cell
The pollen grain is made up
of three cells (left).

It germinates, the tube nucleus entering the pollen

tube which grows through and parasitizes the
megasporangium. The generative cell ultimately
forms multiflagellate sperm cells. These swim down
the tube, enter the archegonium and one fertilizes the
egg. An embryo develops from this initially by free
nuclear division.
 Div: Cycadophyta “Cycads”
• Reproductive cycle in cycads wind pollination; pollen droplet
• Interval between pollination and fertilization: 4 - 6 months.
Evolution of Seed Plants Gymnosperms
 Div: Cycadophyta “Cycads”
• Two motile sperms produced by each pollen tube -->
archegonial chamber.

• Cycads & Ginkgos are

• only seed plants with
• motile sperm
 Div: Cycadophyta “Cycads”
• No fixed period of dormancy in cycads.
 Evolution of Seed Plants Gymnosperms
Pollen - Encased male microgametophyte (n) that produces
sperms (n).
(Frees plant from the need for water in the pollination process.)
prothallus cell(s), tube cell(s), generative cell ---> sperms
Ovule - The female megagametophyte (n) with eggs (n) surrounded
by the old megasporangium (2n) with two layers from the
old sporophyte (2n) that will form the integument (2n).
(Frees plant from the need for water in fertilization.)
Cones - An axis bearing a tight cluster of scales or leaves for
reproduction. Scales either bear microsporangia or
meagasporangia in separate cones. (Pollen & Seed Cones)
Seed - ?
Evolution of Seed Plants Gymnosperms

• Seed - The matured ovule with an embryo in a resting state.

– Integument - (2n) May be fleshy

– Female Gametophyte - (n) nuritive; includes nucellus

– Embryo - (2n) forms from zygote after fertilization.

 Div: Ginkgophyta
Reproduction: Development
• Outer fleshy layer of the
integument emits foul
order!

• However, inner part of the

seed is edible!

•
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 hipodermal

arkesporial

sel-sel parietal sel-sel sporogen

4 lapisan (sel) dinding sel induk mikrospora

sporangium (mikrosprosit)

Lapisan terdalam
membentuk tapetum

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 Continuing Pollen grains
vegetative shoot
Male cone Pictures of male cone and pollen

Microsporangium
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Figure 30.10x1 Pine Sporangium with spores
A Pine life cycle is typical of conifers. . .
The tree is the sporophyte generation and so forms spores
Microspores and megaspores are produced in different cones
Male cones are smaller than
female cones and are usually
produced on lower branches in
the Spring
Each male cone is composed of
sporophylls - leaflike structures
that bear sporangia
At the base of each sporophyll
are two microsporangia, which
contain many microspore
mother cells.
The microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid
microspores
The microspores then develop into extremely small male
gametophytes (pollen grains)
Pollen grains are shed from the male cone in great numbers and
some are carried by the wind to the immature female cones
a. Two prothallial cells
b. One generative cell
c. One tube cell
d. This four celled pollen grain is the
immature male gametophyte. The
pollen is shed at this stage and it
carried by the wind to an immature
megastrobilus (female cone)
 Div: Coniferophyta
• Pine Pollen
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Pine Pollen
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 Pictures of female cone Female gametophyte
Female cone

Archegonia

Egg

Megagametophyte

Ovule

Single scale (sporophyll

Longitudinal section through ovulate cone
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 Div: Coniferophyta
• Mature Pine Ovule with Two Archegonia:
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Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers
• Reproduction cont’d.:
– Ovule contains
megasporangium
containing nucellus and
single megasporocyte
– Megasporangium
surrounded by
integument
Integument has pore =
micropyle
− Megasporocyte undergoes
meiosis, producing 4
megaspores
− 3 megaspores degenerate
− Remaining megaspore develops into female
gametophyte with archegonia at micropyle end
 Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers
• Reproduction cont’d.:
− Seed cones take 2 years to mature
− 1st year:
Pollen grains catch on sticky pollen drops oozing out
of micropyle
Pollen grain produces pollen tube that grows through
nucellus
»2 sperms produced in pollen tube
»Mature male gametophyte = germinated pollen
grain with pollen tube and 2 sperm
»Sperm have no flagella and no antheridium
Megaspore develops
 Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers
• Reproduction cont’d.:
− 2nd year:
Female gametophyte and archegonium mature
Pollen tube arrives at archegonium
1 sperm unites with egg, forming zygote
»Other sperm degenerates
− Embryo nourished by female gametophyte
− Integument becomes seed coat
Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers
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73
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10. As the developing zygote
divides to form the embryo
four tiers of cells are
produced. These form
suspensors which push the
developing embryo deep into
the gametophyte tissue
(developing stored food).
Simultaneously the
integument forms the seed
coat
11. The seeds mature and they are shed during the second
autumn, when the cone scales open. Therefore if takes about 2
1/2 years from pollination to the shedding of seeds
 Div: Coniferophyta
• Ovules at Fertilization and with Embryo:
 Div: Coniferophyta

• Pine Seedling:
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 Div: Coniferophyta
• Pine Seedling:
There is a significant time lapse between the appearance of cones on
the tree and the maturation of the seeds
Pollination - the transfer of pollen grains to the female cone occurs
in the Spring; at this time the megaspore mother cells have not yet gone
through meiosis (there are no eggs)
Through the Summer months, the female tissue matures, and eggs
are formed within the archegonia; during this time the pollen grain is
growing a pollen tube
Fertilization - the union of the egg and sperm occurs during the
Spring of the year following pollination
Seed maturation takes several more months, although some seeds
remain in the female cones years before being shed
 young
female
cone section through one
ovule (the red “cut” in
the diagram to the left)

surface view of one

cone scale (houses
male
two ovules)
cone ovule

section through
a pollen-
producing sac
(red cut)

surface view of one

cone scale (houses a
pollen-producing sac )
mature
sporophyte seed
coat

zygote

seeding
seed embryo
Diploid Stage
fertilization meiosis meiosis
pollen tube
sperm- Haploid Stage
Megaspores
producing Microspores
(view inside form, one
cell pollination form, develop
an ovule) develops
into pollen
into a female
eggs grains.
Germination pollen grain (the male gametophyte
gametophyte). Sperm nuclei form as .
female
the pollen tube grows toward the egg. gametophyte

Fig. 25.16, p. 414

Figure 30.10x3 Pine embryo
In the pine life cycle, the sporophyte is dominant
The gametophyte generation consists of microscopic structures in
the male and female cones
The female gametophyte does produce an archegonia where the egg
is produced
The male gametophyte is so reduced that it does not produce an
antheridia
A major adaptation in the gymnosperm life cycle is the elimination
of the need for water to transport the sperm (this is done with the
pollen grain)
Gymnosperms were the first plants to have a mode of reproduction
totally adapted to life on land
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• Phylum Gnetophyta consists of three very
different genera.
– Weltwitschia plants, from deserts in
southwestern Africa, have straplike leaves.
– Gentum species are tropical trees or vines.
– Ephedra (Mormon tea) is a shrub of the
American deserts.

Fig. 30.7
• Gnetophytes, cont.
– Unique among gymnosperms, sharing traits
with angiosperms
• Vessel elements in their xylem
• Cone clusters resemble flower clusters
• Life cycle details resemble those of angiosperms
Leaves of Gnetum gnemon Male Ephedra has pollen
resemble those of flowering cones clustered at the nodes
plants
A specimen of Welwitschia mirabilis living in Namib
Desert, Namibia – survives on fog
 Ephedra

Welwitschia mirabilis
http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb19/ecology/Bilder/Welwitschia.jpg

http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/green_plants/embryophytes/gnetales/ephedra/ephedra.2.gif
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• Mikrospora  tidak sama besar; sel protalium (proksimal) & sel
anteridium  sel generatif & sel buluh (distal)
• Serbuk sari: satu sel protalium; satu sel generatif; satu inti buluh/ 1 sel
buluh
• mikropil  ruang polen sel steril (tangkai) & sel spermatogen (tubuh)
• tabung polen (buluh) memanjang masuk ke jaringan nuselus ->
haustorium pembawa sperma
• sel spermatogen membelah 2 sperma
• sel protalium + sel tangkai + 2 sel sperma dengan banyak flagel

• Mikrospora  tidak sama besar; sel protalium (proksimal) & sel

anteridium  sel generatif & sel buluh (distal)

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Kulit Biji

Pada tumbuhan biji tertutup (angiospermae), kulit biji terdiri atas dua
lapisan, yaitu
a) lapisan kulit luar (testa), dan
b) lapisan kulit dalam (tegmen).

Pada tumbuhan biji terbuka (gimnospermae) kulit benih terdiri dari tiga
lapisan, walaupun dalam perkembangannya, ovul hanya memiliki satu
lapisan integumen.
Contoh pada melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) terdapat 3 lapisan kulit benih;
a) lapisan luar (sarcotesta), yang tebal dan berdaging. Pada saat
masih muda berwarna hijau, lalu berubah menjadi kuning,
kemudian menjadi merah.
b) Lapisan tengah (sclerotesta), yang keras, kuat, dan berkayu,
menyerupai kulit dalam (endokarpium) pada buah batu.
c) Lapisan dalam (endotesta) yang tipis seperti selaput, melekat
pada inti biji.