EE70

Power Systems Analysis 1

Lecture 3
Transmission Line Parameters, Inductance
Inductance of a Single Conductor
• A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it.
• The magnetic flux lines are concentric closed circles with direction
given by the right hand rule
• When the current changes, the flux changes and a voltage is induced
in the circuit.
• By definition, inductance L is the ratio of its total magnetic flux linkage
to the current I, given by

where = flux linkage, in weber-turns

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Inductance of a Single Conductor
Due to flux linkages Internal of the conductor
• Consider a conductor of radius r carrying a current I. At a distance x from
the center of this conductor, the magnetic field intensity Hx can be found
from Ampere’s law:

‫𝑥𝐼 = 𝑙𝑑 ∙ 𝑥𝐻 ׯ‬

• Where Hx is the magnetic field intensity at each point along a closed path,
dl is a unit vector along that path and Ix is the net current enclosed in the
path. For the homogeneous materials and a circular path of radius x, the
magnitude of Hx is constant, and dl is always parallel to Hx. Therefore:
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• Assuming next that the current is distributed uniformly in the conductor:

• Solving for Hx, we get:

• Then, solving for the magnetic flux density Bx:

• The differential magnetic flux contained in a circular tube of thickness dx and at a distance x from
the center of the conductor is

• The total internal flux linkages per meter can be found via integration…

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• Therefore, the internal inductance per meter is

Due to Two Points External to the Conductor

• Since the entire current I is linked by the flux outside
the conductor, we get:

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So the inductance due to two points external to the conductor is

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The total flux linkage of the conductor due to
internal and external flux are

Therefore, the total inductance of the conductor is

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Inductance of a Single-Phase Two Wire Line
• The inductance of the conductor due to
current in conductor 1 only is

• The inductance of the conductor due to

current in conductor 2 only is

• Total circuit inductance is

• If r’1 = r’2 = r’ ; then

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Flux Linkages of One Conductor in a Group
• Consider a composite conductor which is made up of two or more strands which
are in parallel. For simplicity let us assume that all the strands are identical and
share the current equally. The sum of the currents in all the conductors is zero.
• The flux linkage on conductor 1 due to current in conductor 1

• The flux linkage with conductor 1 due to I2

• Similarly, the flux linkages ψ1p with conductor 1 due all the conductors is

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• By expanding the logarithmic terms and rearranging the terms,

• The sum of all currents is zero

• Therefore, the total flux linkage of conductor 1 in a group of conductors

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Inductance of a Three-Phase Transmission Lines
• Symmetrical Spacing
Assuming balanced three-phase currents we get,

The total flux linkage on conductor phase a is

Substituting

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• Asymmetrical Spacing
Practical Transmission line cannot maintain symmetry
due to construction consideration. Even with balanced
currents, due to asymmetry, voltage drop will be unbalanced.
The inductance per phase is,

As shown, the inductances are not equal. And to regain symmetry, transposition is
considered

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Transposition
Since in a transposed line each phase takes all three position, the
inductance per phase can be obtain by finding the average value.

Noting that , the average of the three inductances

is

Or

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Example
• A completely transposed 60-Hz three-phase line has flat horizontal
phase spacing with 10 m between adjacent conductors. The
conductors are 1,590,000 cmil ACSR with 54/3 stranding. Line length
is 200 km. Determine the inductance in H and the inductive reactance
in ohms.

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Inductance of Composite Conductors
• Consider a single-phase line composed of two conductors
• Conductor x is composed of n filaments
with each conductor carries I/n
• Conductor y is composed of m filaments
with each carries –I/m
• The flux linkage of filament a is

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• The inductance of subconductor a is

• For any conductor, the inductance is

• The average inductance of any one conductor in x is

• Resulting to

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Example
• Solve for Lx, Ly, L for the single phase two conductor line in figure
shown.

• Ans:

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Example
• A stranded conductor consists of seven identical strands each having
radius r. Find the GMR of the conductor in terms of r.
• Solution:

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Bundled Conductors
• Bundling reduces line reactance, which improves the line
performance and increases the power capability of the line.
• GMR of Bundled Conductors
Two subconductor cable

Three subconductor cable

Four subconductor cable

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Example
Each line of the three-phase circuit shown consists of two 795,000 cmil
ACSR 26/2 conductors. Bundle spacing is 0.4m. Flat horizontal spacing
is retained, with 10m between adjacent bundle centers. Calcculate the
inductive reactance of the line.

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Double Circuit Three-phase Lines
• GMD

• GMR

• The inductance per phase,

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