Metodologia Lucrării Licență

METODOLOGIA
LUCRĂRII DE LICENŢĂ
IUNIE 2019
Alegerea temei lucrării de licenţă
Tema lucrării de licenţă se alege:
 dintre temele propuse de cadrele didactice
 la propunerea studentului către un cadru didactic
coordonator ştiinţific  numai în condiţiile prezentării
în cadrul unor manifestări ştiinţifice a minim unei
lucrări care ilustrează interesul pentru respectiva temă
şi originalitatea abordării.
 Studenţii  interese de studiu particulare
- referitoare la un anumit capitol din materia studiată,
- pornind de la un studiu anterior din bibliografia
consultată,
- valorificând un subiect de seminar studiat individual
sau în echipă,
- prin raportarea la cotidian.
Organizarea lucrării de licenţă
 Lucrarea de licenţă  o lucrare originală  o componenta
teoretică + o componenta aplicativă.
 Componenta teoretică  aprox.1/3 din lucrare  prezentarea

conceptelor, teoriilor, cercetărilor fundamentale în domeniul
temei
 Componenta aplicativă aprox. 2/3 din lucrare  realizarea

prin documentare a unui studiu original într-un subdomeniu
umanist considerat de actualitate în aria cercetării naţionale,
europene şi /sau internaţionale şi expus pe baza unei
argumentaţii în sprijinul problemei de studiu.
NB! SE APRECIAZĂ CARACTERUL INTER- SI TRANSDISCIPLINAR AL

CERCETĂRII TEORETICO-APLICATIVE.
Structura lucrării
 Prima pagină
 Pagina de titlu
 Cuprinsul (1-2 pagini)
 Rezumatul lucrării (aprox. 500 cuvinte)
 Argumentul lucrării (1-2 pagini: problematica supusă
investigaţiei)
 Prezentarea lucrării (1-2 pagini: structurarea pe părţi şi
capitole)
 Partea I (componenta teoretică)
 Partea a II-a (componenta aplicativă)
 Concluzii (2 pagini)
 Sursele exemplelor, corpusului, etc. (1-2 pagini)
 Bibliografie (1-2 pagini)
 Anexe (număr nelimitat de pagini / suport electronic)
Rezumatul
 aprox. 500 cuvinte

 se face ansamblului lucrării
 include: referinţe la problematica abordată şi
tema propusă, demersul teoretic, demersul
aplicativ, concluziile studiului.
 Problema studiată  exprimată într-o singură
frază.
 Nu se includ motivaţiile cercetării  argumentul
lucrării.
NB! REZUMATUL E DIFERIT DE PREZENTAREA LUCRARII.
Prima pagină
 identică cu coperta lucrării, conţine următoarele
precizări:
 Universitatea “Dunărea de Jos” – Galaţi

 Facultatea de Litere
 Specializarea _______________
 Lucrare de licenţă
 Coordonator ştiinţific _______________
 Student _______________
 Galaţi
 Anul
Pagina de titlu  va conţine
toate precizările de pe prima
pagină, + titlul temei alese,
sub “Lucrare de licenţă”
Sursele exemplelor şi corpusului
 distincte de bibliografie
 includ: operele unor autori (poezie, proză,
teatru, critică literară etc.), dicţionare,
tezaure, emisiuni radio, tv, pagini Internet,
saituri Web, înregistrări personale, etc.
Dimensiuni şi punere în pagină
Lucrarea de licenţă  nu are dimensiuni impuse

suficiente pentru a:
explica problema de studiu;

motiva alegerea temei şi traseul urmat;
argumenta punctul de vedere personal asupra
temei alese;
expune starea cercetării şi demersul teoretic şi
metodologic;
prezenta materialul de studiu aplicativ;
face cunoscute concluziile studiului.
Cerinte de tehnoredactare
 pagini de format A4,
 toate marginile de 3,5 cm,
 caractere Times New Roman 12 la un rând
şi jumătate,
 primul paragraf după titluri neindentat,
 următoarele paragrafe indentate cu 1,25
cm.
Stilul lucrării
STIL clar, precis, destinat lecturii de către un public

care are cunoştinţe generale în domeniu.
SE IMPUN:
definirea conceptelor de bază în domeniu şi
clarificarea elementelor terminologice cheie.
PRECIZATI CU CLARITATE ŞI LIMPEZIME:
 elementele de dificultate în studiul temei şi
problemelor abordate;
 soluţiile identificate, chiar dacă nu sunt definitive;
 elementele de originalitate ale studiului înteprins, ale
demersului urmărit, ale lucrării în ansamblul ei.
 concluziile (la sfârşitul capitolelor si al lucrarii).
Lucrarea de licenţă  dovedeste că absolventul este
capabil:
 să formuleze o problematică de studiu în cadrul temei

propuse – stabilirea unor obiective coerente ale
studiului şi delimitarea materialului de studiu;
 să parcurgă etapele necesare desfăşurării studiului
propus: documentare, identificare de concepte de
lucru, identificarea unei metodologii de cercetare;
 să conceapă un demers de studiu util, eficient şi
original;
 să confere studiului întreprins caracteristicile unui
produs finit, cu valoare de utilizare în procesul didactic
sau în procesul de cercetare ştiinţifică;
 să prezinte rezultatele studiului (scris şi oral);
Depunerea lucrării de licenţă
 la termenul stabilit:
– 1 exemplar tipărit la secretariatul facultăţii;

– 1 exemplar tipărit însoţit de copia lucrării pe
suport magnetic (dischetă / CD) la profesorul
coordonator.
Harvard Referencing
System
What is the Harvard System?
 Most common system in use internationally
 A flexible, simple, clear system both for author
and reader
 References are listed alphabetically in the
bibliography and cited in the body of the text
so no footnotes or chapter references needed
What is a Reference?
 A way of showing that you have recognised
another person’s work ideas or opinions and that
you have acknowledged it in your work by
referring to the source
This is often called citing a reference

Why Reference Your Work?
 Acknowledge the work of other writers and
researchers
 Demonstrate your reading and research
 Enable others to trace your sources easily
and lead them on to further information
 Part of the marking criteria
 Provide a check against plagiarism
 Meet copyright regulations
When to Reference
 When you ‘lift’ material directly from a
source – for example – from a book or the
internet
 When you take an idea, theory, argument
or viewpoint from a source that is not your
own
 When you summarise or paraphrase
another person’s work
Referencing in Context
Book
Your
Project
Acknowledge
Evidence to Sources Used
Journal support your
Article
Research, own ideas or • Briefly in
read and arguments your text
make notes and/or
• Paraphrase • In full at the
Web Page end
• Direct Quote
Version 1.0 Copyright © 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
How to Reference
 You need to reference in two places:
 Brief details – these will go into the

main body of your assignment
 Full details – these will go at the end of
your assignment
Definitions
 Citing – this is the process of formal recognition,
within your text, of the resources from which you
have gathered your information
 A Citation – this is a passage or phrase quoted
within your text which is supported with evidence
of its source
 Bibliography – a list of the sources that you
have used
 Reference – a detailed description of the item
from which you have obtained your information
Citing References within your Text
 Single Author, Single Source
 Each time a reference is made to a book, document
or other source from the author, put the reference in
( ) brackets immediately afterwards
Eg: Life as a Jew under German rule during the Second
World War was explored (Frank 1942)
 If the author’s name occurs naturally in the text then
only the year is quoted in the brackets
Eg: In her diary, Anne Frank, described life as a Jew
under German rule during the Second World War
(1942)
 Single Author, Single Source
 If quoting from a specific section of a single
source of the author’s work, also include
the page number(s) of the quote
Eg: There are no greater enemies on earth than
the Germans and the Jews (Frank 1942, 74) or
(Frank 1942:74)
 Single Author, Multiple Source
 If sourcing from more than one publication from a single
author, referencing can take place as before providing
none of the sources originate from the same year
Eg: The far reaching implications of our understanding of
evolution were explored (Dawkins,1976)
Arguments for God’s existence were challenged by
Dawkins (2006)
These two sources are different (The Selfish Gene followed
by The God Delusion), but because they were published in
different years, the full reference at the end of the
assignment will distinguish between the two sources
 Where multiple sources are used from the
same year, the sources are identified by
adding a, b, c… after the date
Eg: In 1997 several publications were produced of
Betrand Russell’s collected papers:
The Collected Papers of Betrand Russell, vol. 2
Collected Papers, vol. 11
 If more than one of these sources is used they
would be cited in the text as (1997a) and (1997b)
and then identified by year and letter in the full
reference at the end of the assignment
Citing References within Text
 Multiple Authors
 If there are three or fewer authors then put in all
their names
 If there are more than three authors then put in
only the first surname followed by ‘et al’
Eg: A ‘Freakonomic’ approach argued by Levitt
and Dubner (2005)
 Summarised by Lichtenberger et al (2004)
Examples of Citation
 If the author’s name occurs naturally in the
text:
 The year should follow in () brackets
Eg: The gene’s eye view of Darwinism is implicit in the
writings of R.A. Fisher (1930)
 For a source that is cited within another book:
 If the source referred to is in another work, cite both
the original source and the secondary source
Eg: Larson and Witham (1998, quoted in Dawkins
2006, p.127) set out their reasons for the continuing
the teaching of evolution in public schools
References of images and diagrams
 All externally sourced images and
diagrams must be referenced
 Enter the title underneath the image or
diagram
 Add, in brackets, the author, date of
publication and page number
 Where there is no author use the title of
the source i.e. book, website etc.
 Example 1 (Book/Publication):
Figure 1: Risk assessment guidelines for lifting and lowering

(Essentials of Health and Safety at Work 2008, 48)
Example 2 (Website):
Figure 1: Marriages, United Kingdom, 1951 –

2007 (Office for National Statistics website 2009)
Incorporating Quotations in Text
Quotations up to 2 lines in length can be
incorporated straight into the body of the
text
 Use quotation marks around the quote
 In brackets () add the author’s name, the year
of publication and the page number
Eg: Moss (1998, 63) stated that “ the greatest impact
of human use of land is the removal of the original
vegetation cover”
Longer Quotations
 Should be indented in a separate paragraph
 Quotation marks are not necessary
Eg: Sneve and Saint James (2003, 17) illustrated the
wisdom of the sayings of the Native Americans, who had
no written language:
It was our belief that the love of possessions is a
weakness to be overcome. Therefore the child must early
learn the beauty of generosity. (1911, Ohiyesa, Santee
Physician and Author)
 If part of a quotation is omitted, this may

be indicated in the quotation by the use of
three dots:
Eg: Greenwood (1990,36) reflected that
“Quakers … eschewed the use of ‘saint’ or
‘bishop’ or ‘abbot’ in place names”
Examples of techniques for
introducing Direct Quotes
 As Kant…states…believes…suggests…
indicates …points out… observes…
explains… argues… outlines… contradicts…
proposes…advances… intimates, “………”
 For example, Descartes has argued that
“………”
 According to Marx, “………”
 Sartre suggests…believes…contends that
“………”
Referencing at the end of your
assignment
 There are two processes that must be
undertaken:
 Reference List – a single alphabetical list of
everything that has been specifically
mentioned in your assignment
 Bibliography – a list of the resources you
have researched from but not specifically
referred to in your assignment
Guidance on Creating a Bibliography /
Reference List
 List references in alphabetical order by author
surname
 Enter author or editor surname first, followed by
the initials
 Include all authors listed on the title page of each
source, do not abbreviate by using et al, as is
good practice in the main body of the assignment
 If the book has an editor rather than an author
then enter (ed.) after the name and initials
Guidance on Creating a Bibliography
/ Reference List
 Where necessary use the name of the corporate
body or institution responsible for gathering the
information in a publication or on a website - e.g.
Office for National Statistics or Department for
Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
 Edition – only include if you are not using the
first edition e.g. (3rd edn.)
 Title – this should be in italics and include the
title and subtitle (if relevant) separated by a colon
Guidance on Creating a Bibliography
/ Reference List
 Series – Information relating to a series of
publications or to periodicals should be
included at the end of the entry in the
reference list or bibliography
 Pages – page references are normally the
final part of the reference
 Information required for referencing is
normally found on the title page and the
back of the title page
Referencing Types
 All sources used should be referenced. The
following is a list of the possible source types:
 Books
 Periodical Articles
 Web Pages
 Internet Images
 Newspaper Articles
 CD-ROM
 Videos / DVDs
 Personal Communication
Referencing Books (Summary)
 Entries for books in the reference list should
contain the following information (in the order
set out here):
 Author / Editor
 Year of publication (in brackets)
 Title (in italics)
 Edition - if not the first edition
 Place of publication: Publisher
 Series – if appropriate (rarely used)
 Page / pages
Referencing Books (Summary)
Eg:
 Dawkins, R (2006) The Selfish Gene (30th
edn.) New York: Oxford University Press,
269–271
 Baynes, N.H. ed. (1942) The Speeches of
Adolf Hitler, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
 Russell, B. (1997b). Collected Papers, vol.11,
ed. J.C. Slater and P. Kollner. London:
Routledge
Referencing Chapters
 Process for referencing a specific chapter:
 Author / Editor
 Title of Chapter (in quotation marks)
 Author / Editor of book (surname and initials)
 Title of book (in italics)
 Place of publication: Publisher
 Page / pages
Eg: Maynard Smith, J. (1972) ‘Game theory and the
evolution of fighting’, in: Maynard Smith J. On
Evolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 8-28
Referencing Periodical Articles
 Process for referencing periodical articles:
 Author
 Title of article
 Title of Periodical (in italics)
 Volume, number/part (in brackets)
 Page number/s (p. for a single page, pp. for more
than one page)
Eg: Burgess, J.W. (1976) Social Spiders. Scientific
American 234 (3), pp. 101-6.
Referencing Web Pages
 Process for referencing Web Pages:
 Author / Editor
 Title (in italics, underlined or in bold)
 The word Internet, in square brackets [ ]
followed by a comma
 Edition - if relevant (e.g. update 4 or version
3.7) followed by a full stop
 Place of publication – followed by a comma
Referencing Web Pages
 Publisher (if known) – followed by a full stop
 The phrase Available at (or from) – followed by a
colon
 The internet address - in chevrons < >
 The word Accessed and the date that the web page
was viewed by you – in square brackets [ ]
followed by a full stop
Eg: Holloway,R (2003) ‘Recovering Christian’ Book
Review [Internet], London, Guardian. Available at:
<http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/scienceandn
ature/0,6121,894941,00html> [Accessed 26 March
2005].
Referencing Internet Images
 Entries for books in the reference list should
contain the following information (in the
order set out here):
 Author / Artist
 Year of publication – if given (in brackets)
 Title of image (in italics)
 [Online Image]
 Available at: URL
 (Accessed: date)
Referencing
Internet Images
Eg: Escher M.C. (1960) Ascending and

Descending [Online image]. Available at: <
http://www.math.
technion.ac.il/~rl/M.C.Escher/2/escher-
stair.gif> (Accessed: 21 February 2010).
Referencing Newspaper Articles
 Author (if no author, cite title of paper in italics
first)
 Article title (in quotation marks)
 Newspaper title (italics)
 Day and month
 Page / pages
Eg: Sergeant, Harriet (2010) “Schools are churning
out the unemployable”. The Sunday Times, 21
February, p.19.
Referencing a CD-ROM
 Author
 Title of article
 Title of periodical/newspaper (italics)
 [CD-ROM]
 Numeration (volume and page number)
Eg: Woodhead, Chris. Keeping the Faith. The
Sunday Times, [CD-ROM], 19 November
2006, Feature 1.
Referencing Videos / DVDs
 Title (in italics)
 Year of distribution (in brackets)
 Director
 Videocassette or DVD [in square brackets]
 Place of distribution: Distribution Company
Eg: The French Connection (1971)
Directed by William Friedkin. [DVD] Los
Angeles, 20th Century Fox
Referencing Personal Communication
 Name of speaker/author/sender
 Year (in brackets)
 Medium (e.g. conversation / letter / phone
call / e-mail / text / twitter)
 Recipient
 Day and Month
Eg: Blair, T. (2006) e-mail to Gordon Brown,
17 March
Plagiarism
 What is Plagiarism?
 The practice of sourcing someone else’s work or
ideas and passing them off as one’s own
 Copying, infringing copyright, piracy, theft, stealing
 The process of reusing material found in any
media
 With the advent of the World Wide Web and the
ease with which material is now available,
plagiarism is now much more common
Avoiding Plagiarism
 In order to avoid plagiarism you must always
give credit when:
 You use another person’s ideas, opinions or
theories
 You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music,
or any other type of information or resource that
would not be classified as Common Knowledge
 You use quotations from another person’s spoken
or written word
 You paraphrase another person’s spoken or written
word
SOURCES
 METODOLOGIA LUCRARII DE LICENTA

(DOCUMENT INTERN)
 COVENTRY UNIVERSITY HARVARD
CITATION (PDF DOCUMENT)
 AQA (2009) SLIDE SHARES

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METODOLOGIA

 Componenta teoretică  aprox.1/3 din lucrare  prezentarea

 Componenta aplicativă aprox. 2/3 din lucrare  realizarea

NB! SE APRECIAZĂ CARACTERUL INTER- SI TRANSDISCIPLINAR AL

 aprox. 500 cuvinte

 Universitatea “Dunărea de Jos” – Galaţi

Lucrarea de licenţă  nu are dimensiuni impuse

explica problema de studiu;

STIL clar, precis, destinat lecturii de către un public

 să formuleze o problematică de studiu în cadrul temei

– 1 exemplar tipărit la secretariatul facultăţii;

This is often called citing a reference

 Brief details – these will go into the

Figure 1: Risk assessment guidelines for lifting and lowering

Figure 1: Marriages, United Kingdom, 1951 –

 If part of a quotation is omitted, this may

Eg: Escher M.C. (1960) Ascending and

 METODOLOGIA LUCRARII DE LICENTA

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