Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

 A disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to

either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic
radiation emitted from an external source.
 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a special class of
EMI in which radio frequency transmissions (usually
narrow-band) cause unintentional problems in
equipment operation.
 EMI is any undesirable electromagnetic emission or any electrical or
electronic disturbance, man-made or natural, which causes an undesirable
response, degradation in the performance of electrical equipment
 The fundamental concept of electrical and electromagnetic interference
involves an emanating source and an affected device or system.
 The transfer of energy between systems can occur through radiation,
conduction, or induction.
 The actual transfer of energy is facilitated respectively through a
transmission path, conductive path, or through magnetic coupling.
 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is the result of
electromagnetic (E/M) emissions. Every piece of
electrically powered equipment transmits and receives
E/M energy
 Conductors are better antennas as the frequency
increases
 Since LANs operate at very high speeds there can be
lots of problems due to EMI
Electromagnetic interference in analog TV signal
Propagation of emi
 Electro-magnetic interference propagate through
conduction over signal and power lines and through
radiation in free space.
Sources of EMI
Sources of emi can be separated in following catgories-
 Incidental interference
 External noise
 Inter modulation distortion
 Spurious emission
 Adjacent channel interference
 Environmental interference
Incidental Interference
 When a device is unable to distinguish desired signal
due to the reception of a strong signal.
 Result of the issues relating to circuit design,shielding
requirements etc which lead to the inability to reject
these unwanted signal.
 Incidental EI have potentially devastating effects on
medical devices and airplane electronics.
External Noise
 It can be electromagnetic or electrical in nature.
 Noise from electromagnetic source can vary in
intensity and period.
 Electrical sources are constant in narure.
Spurious Emission
 Transmission of signals that are outside the prescribed
frequency band of a transceiver are considered
spurious emissions.
 It involves harmonics at multiples of fundamental
frequency.
Types of EMI
 Depending on the frequency ranges over which an interference
extends, it can be classified into two types:-
 Narrowband interference
 Broadband interference
 Helps in analysing the effects of emi .
Narrowband Interference
 Narrow band interference is electromagnetic radiation
broadcasted by TV and radio stations, as well as cell phones.
 These types of interferences are confined to certain select
frequency bands and are therefore known as narrow band
electromagnetic interferences.
 Narrowband interference usually arises from intentional
transmissions such as radio and TV stations, pager
transmitters, cell phones, etc.
Effects of Narrowband
interference
 Mobile phones are one of the cases of its effects.
 Mobile Phone causes speaker interference any time when it
has an incoming call or is connecting to the service after
being shut off.
 It causes speakers to sort of blip in and out on the nearby
speakers
Cause of the problem
 Narrowband electromagnetic interference is the culprit in this case.
 Mobile phone must emit electromagnetic waves (like microwaves, x-
rays, or radio waves) to communicate with a tower.
 This communication is kept open all the time, and is increased when
on a call, or when the phone switches from one tower to the next.
 As the phone sends and receives bursts of electromagnetic waves
from the tower, the waves impart voltage in a circuit which makes
cut-out silence, or noises from the speakers.
Broadband interference
The power density of electromagnetic interference in an average
urban environment since 1945.
CAUSES OF EMI