Primary Interatomic Bonding

Bonding energy: energy required to separate these two

atoms to an infinite separation; solid > liquid > gas
Three types of primary or chemical bond found in solids:
ionic, covalent and metallic
Generally, each bonding forms from the tendency of the
atoms to assume stable electron structures, like those of the
inert gases, by completely filling the outermost electron shell.

Repulsive energy ER

Interatomic separation r

Net energy EN

Attractive energy EA
 Ionic Bonding
Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their
valence electrons to the nonmetallic atoms; in the
process, all atoms acquire stable or inert gas
configurations and electrical charge=> they become ions
nondirectional: magnitude of the bond is equal in all
directions around an ion
Bonding energies: between 600 and 1500 kJ/mol(3
and 8 eV/atom); relatively large=> high melting
temperatures
Hard and brittle
Electrically and thermally insulative
 Covalent Bonding
Directional: may exist only in the direction between specific
atoms that participate in the electron sharing
Many nonmetallic elemental molecules (H2, Cl2, F2, etc.);
molecules containing dissimilar atoms like CH4, H2O, HNO3
and HF; diamond(carbon), silicon, germanium; GaAs, InSb, SiC
The number of covalent bonds that are possible for a
particular atom is determined by the number of valence
electrons. For N valence electrons, an atom can covalently
bond with at most (8-N) other atoms. Ex: N=7 for chlorine and
8-N=1 as in Cl2; N=4 for carbon and 8-N=4 as in diamond
Could be very strong as in diamond or very weak as in
bismuth (Bi)
Degree of bond type(ionic/covalent) depends on the relative
positions of the constituent atoms in the periodic table/
difference in their electronegativities; the greater( the further),
the more ionic the bond.
 Metallic Bonding
Valence electrons not bound to any particular atom in
the solid; free to drift throughout the entire metal=> sea of
electrons; electron cloud
The remaining nonvalence electrons and atomic nuclei
form ion cores with a net positive charge
The free electrons shield the positively charged ion cores
from mutually repulsive electrostatic forces, and act as a
glue to hold the ion cores together
Nondirectional
All elemental metals
Good conductors of both electricity and heat due to the
free valence electrons