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Engineering University
CollegeCollege
/ Al-Najaf
/ Al-Najaf
College of Techniques
Communications EngineeringEng. Dpt.
Electrical
ComputerEngineering Department
Networks-4th Class-2015/2016
Class-2011/2012
Ph.D. courses /Comm. Eng./2018-2019
A Seminar
By: :Qasim Hadi Kareem
Tus. 9/04/2019
Introduction to OFDM
OFDM is a special form of multicarrier modulation (MCM), where a single data stream
is transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers.
One of the main reasons to use OFDM is to increase the robustness against frequency
selective fading and narrowband interference.
Error correction coding can be used to correct the few erroneous subcarriers.
Origin of OFDM
MCM is the principle of transmitting data by dividing input stream into several symbol
streams, each of which has a much lower symbol rate, and by using these sub-streams
to modulate several subcarriers.
For MCM, 𝑓𝑘 , 𝐹𝑘 (f; t), 𝑁𝑆𝐶 and ∆𝑓 denote the frequency of the k subcarrier, the
frequency spectrum of pulse waveform of the kth subcarrier, the total number 𝑘 𝑡ℎ of
subcarriers, and subcarrier separation, respectively.
Through a frequency selective fading channel, the frequency spectra of received SCM and
MCM signals are written as
Origin of OFDM
Origin of OFDM
where 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝑀 (f ; t) is the frequency spectrum of the transmitted SCM signal and
𝐻𝑘 (𝑓 ; 𝑡) is the channel transfer function corresponding to 𝐵𝑘 , which is the frequency
band occupied by the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ subcarrier.
When the number of subcarriers is large, the amplitude and phase response of
𝐻𝑘 (𝑓 ; 𝑡) can be assumed to be constant over 𝐵𝑘 , so 𝑅𝑀𝐶𝑀 (f ; t) can be approximated
as
Clearly last equation shows that MCM is effective and robust in wireless channels;
namely, to combat frequency selective fading.
where 𝑐𝑘𝑖 is the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ information symbol at the kth subcarrier, and 𝑓(𝑡) is the pulse
waveform of the symbol.
Origin of OFDM
Figure a and b, compares a baseband serial data transmission system with an OFDM
system.
Origin of OFDM
OFDM system.
Origin of OFDM
If employing the rectangular pulse waveforms for subcarriers, the frequency spectra of
the waveforms are widely spread and overlapped.
Use of Discrete Fourier Transform
The idea of using the DFT revived the MCM employing time-limited orthogonal
signals, namely, OFDM.
Sampling 𝑠(𝑡) (𝑖𝑇𝑠 < 𝑡 ≤ (𝑖 + 1)𝑇𝑠 ) with sampling rate of 𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑙 (= 𝑇𝑠 /𝑁SC ), the
transmitted signal is written in a column vector form as
𝑊 −1 (𝑁SC ) and 𝐶𝑖 are the 𝑁SC - point inverse DFT (IDFT) matrix and the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ symbol
(column) vector, respectively:
Use of Discrete Fourier Transform
The transmitted symbol 𝑆 vector is recovered at the receiver by means of the DFT:
Use of Discrete Fourier Transform
Through the channel, the first path generates the desired signal and the second path the
delayed signal at the receiver.
Figure (a–c) shows three transmitted signals and the corresponding three received
signals. Here, we pay attention only to waveforms at a certain subcarrier (k = 2).
Case c: The guard interval insertion technique with cyclic prefix to perfectly eliminate
inter-subcarrier interference, where the OFDM symbol is cyclically extended in the
guard time.
Insertion of Cyclic Prefix for Current Form of OFDM
where 𝑇𝑠 , ∆𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑠 are the OFDM symbol period, guard interval length, and
observation period (often called ‘‘useful symbol length’’), respectively, and they satisfy
the following equation:
Insertion of Cyclic Prefix for Current Form of OFDM
Figure below, shows the cyclic extension technique, frequency spectrum of pulse
waveform, and frequency spectrum of transmitted signal in the current form of OFDM.
Insertion of Cyclic Prefix for Current Form of OFDM
For the OFDM signal, the total symbol transmission rate is given by
When the number of subcarriers is large, the bandwidth of the OFDM signal normalized by R is
written as
Figure below, shows the transmitted power spectra normalized by the symbol transmission rate.
The left-hand column shows the power spectra for the OFDM signals without guard interval,
whereas the right-hand column shows those for the OFDM signals with 20% guard interval
(namely, the current form of OFDM). As the number of subcarrier increases, the side lobe level,
namely, the outband radiation, can be reduced. In addition, the guard interval insertion
introduces an expansion of the transmitted bandwidth.
Insertion of Cyclic Prefix for Current Form of OFDM
Transmitted power spectra of OFDM signals: (a) 16
subcarriers; (b) 64 subcarriers; and (c) 256 subcarriers.
OFDM diagram
.
Advantages of OFDM
Flexibility
Easy equalization
Resiliency to RF interference
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