Sciences • From previous lectures we know that resistance can only dissipate energy. • Independent source needed to initiate voltage or current in circuit. • For this reason capacitance and inductance comes in place (energy storage elements). • Both have time dependent characteristics and are said to be dynamic elements. Army Public college of management and Sciences 7.1 Capacitance • Have ability to store charge when voltage is provided. • Provided in circuits as capacitors or condensers. • Consists of 2 plates which stores positive and negative charge and an insulator between the two plates.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences • Rate of change of accumulated charge depends on ‘C’ • C=dQ/dV (7.1) • SI units is farads (F) • C=e(A/d) (dependence of capacitance) • For vacuum, e0= 10^-9/(36pi) • Er=e/e0 (relative permittivity) • C is non linear (Q varies with v).
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences Linear capacitances • For ‘q’ is linear proportional to ‘v’ we have q=Cv. • OR C=q/v (7.3) • This equation explains charge accumulated in terms of applied voltage. • Example: 10v and 1uF = 10uC.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences The i-v characteristics
Army Public college of management and
Sciences The i-v characteristics • Remember dq=C dv • Voltage flows from source to top plate and then from bottom back to the source. • Current flows through the capacitor • i=dq/dt • Substitute dq=C dv which gives • i= C dv/dt • Capacitor performs the operation of voltage differentiation. Army Public college of management and Sciences • So current in capacitor depends on change of voltage. • For keeping current in capacitor voltage must change. • If voltage is constant then the current will be zero. • If current is zero this means voltage is constant but not necessarily zero. Army Public college of management and Sciences • One of its use is DRAM. • Capacitor is charged with voltage v and then the connection is broken. • This works as a memory where a bit is saved with voltage ‘v’
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Uniform charge/discharge • If capacitor is charged/discharged at constant rate then dv and i are both constant. • C dv=I dt (7.5) • This relation holds only if capacitor current is constant.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences Assignment- 01
Submission date: Next week
Army Public college of management and
Sciences The v-i characteristics • In terms of voltage ‘v’ (7.4) will be:
For constant current:
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences • If current is positive then voltage ramp will increase and vice versa. • Such property is used in designing triangular and saw tooth waveforms.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Home assignment
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Home assignment • Complete exercise 7.3 and 7.4
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Capacitive energy
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Capacitors in parallel • Parallel connection gives same voltage and current is increased. • Net current will be: • It= Ic1 + Ic2 • By KCL: Cp= C1 + C2 • Combined capacitance will yield summing of two individual capacitances.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences Capacitance in series • Same current but voltage will be different. • By KVL: Vt= V1 + V2
Army Public college of management and
Sciences • So: • 1/Cs= 1/C1 + 1/C2
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Home assignment • Exercise 7.6
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Practical capacitors • Practical capacitors have parasitic resistance.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Future notes • Until next class…!!
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Inductance • Inductance is a circuit element which can produce magnetic flux linkage in response to current.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences • Current in the wire wounded around a core creates magnetic field in the core and hence magnetic flux (fi). • For N turns, the quantity: ‘ lambda=N(fi)’ is called flux linkage and is expressed in weber turns. • Rate at which lambda varies with applied current is denoted as ‘L’ which is inductance of coil.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences • SI unit is Henry. • Inductance depends on – Core material. – Physical dimensions.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences The v-i characteristics
Army Public college of management and
Sciences • As I increases, energy is stored in inductor as voltage and v is positive at tale of arrow. • If I decreases, energy is being released from inductor and v is positive at the head of arrow.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Exercise 7.7 home assignment
Army Public college of management and
Sciences The i-v charateristics
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences Home assignment
Army Public college of management and
Sciences The principle of duality
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Inductive energy
Army Public college of management and
Sciences • Inductive energy stored in the form of potential energy inside magnetic field ‘OR’ storing energy in form of moving charge or current. • When current is increased energy is stored inside inductor and when current is dropped to zero energy is released from the inductor • Ideal inductor is non-dissipative.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Applications • Switched mode power supplies • Voltage converters.
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Inductor in series
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Inductor in parallel
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Practical inductors
Army Public college of management and
Sciences Army Public college of management and Sciences Comparison of 3 basic elements