TRANSFORMATOR

Disusun oleh :
 Destin Erika N. B. (45949)
 Mar’isya Listiyanti (45961)
Instrumentation Transformers
 Instrumentation Transformers

 Soal 1
A 7970-V:120-V, 60-Hz potential transformer has the following parameters as seen
from the high-voltage (primary) winding:

X1=1721 Ω X'2=1897 Ω Xm=782 kΩ

R1=1378 Ω R'2=1602 Ω

a) Assumming that secondary is open-circuited and that the primary is connected to a 7.97-
kV source, calculate the magnitude and phase angle (with respect to the high-voltage
source) of the voltage at the secondary terminals.
b) Calculate the magnitude and phase angle of the secondary voltage if a 1-kΩ resistive
load connected to the secondary terminals.
c) Repeat part (b) if the burden is changed to 1-kΩ reactance.
Solution

 Part A  Part B
2
𝑁1
𝑅′𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏
𝑉2 𝑁2 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝑁2
= 2
𝑉1 𝑁1 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 7970
𝑅′𝑏 = 1 𝑥 103
𝑉2 120 𝑗782000 120
= 𝑅′𝑏 = 4.41 𝑀Ω
7970 7970 1378 + 𝑗1721 + 𝑗782000
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑗𝑋𝑚||(𝑅 ′ 2 + 𝑅 ′ 𝑏 + 𝑗𝑋′2 )
𝑗782000 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑗782 𝑥 103 ||(1602 + 4.41 𝑥 106 + 𝑗1897)
𝑉2 = 120 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 134.3 + 𝑗758.1 𝑘Ω
1378 + 𝑗783721
𝑉1
𝐼1 =
𝑗9384 𝑥 104 1378 − 𝑗783721 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 + 𝑍𝑒𝑞
𝑉2 = 7970
1378 + 𝑗783721 1378 − 𝑗783721 𝐼1 =
1378 + 𝑗1721 + 134.3 + 𝑗758.1 𝑥 103
𝑗1.29 𝑥 1011 + 735.44 𝑥 1011 𝐼1 = 10.3 ∠ − 79.87° 𝑚𝐴
𝑉2 = 𝑁1 𝑗𝑋𝑚
6.14 𝑥 1011 𝐼2 = 𝑥 𝐼1 𝑥 ′ ′
𝑁2 𝑅 2 + 𝑅 𝑏 + 𝑗(𝑋𝑚 + 𝑋′2 )
𝑉2 = 𝑗0.21 + 119.78 𝑉 𝐼2 = 119.7 ∠0.054° 𝑚𝐴
𝑉2 = 𝑅𝑏 𝑥 𝐼1 = 119.7 ∠0.054° 𝐴
𝑉2 = 119.78 ∠0.10045° 𝑉
 Point C : Caranya sama dengan point B dan akan di dapat
𝑉2 = 119.6 ∠0.139° 𝐴
 Soal 2
A 200-A : 5-A, 60 Hz current transformers has the following parameters as seen
from the 200-A (primary) winding :

X1=745 µΩ X'2=µΩ Xm=307 mΩ

R1136 µΩ R'2=128 µΩ

a) Assuming a current of 200 A in the primary and the secondary is short-circuited,

find the magnitude and phase angle of the secondary current.
b) Repeat the calculation of part (a) if the CT is shorted-circuited through a 250 µΩ
burden.
Solution

Point A
𝐼2 𝑁1 𝑗𝑋𝑚
=
𝐼1 𝑁2 𝑅′2 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 + 𝑗𝑋′2
𝐼2 200 𝑗307 𝑥 10−3
=
200 5 128 𝑥 10−6 + 𝑗307 𝑥 10−3 + 𝑗813 𝑥 10−6
𝐼2 = 4.987 ∠0.024° 𝐴

Point B
2
𝑁1
𝑅′𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏
𝑁2
2
200
𝑅′𝑏 = 250 𝑥 10−6
5
𝑅′𝑏 = 0.4 Ω
𝐼2 𝑁1 𝑗𝑋𝑚
=
𝐼1 𝑁2 𝑅′2 + 𝑅′𝑏 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 + 𝑗𝑋′2
𝐼2 200 𝑗307 𝑥 10−3
=
200 5 128 𝑥 10−6 + 0.4 + 𝑗307 𝑥 10−3 + 𝑗813 𝑥 10−6
𝐼2 = 4.987 ∠0.210° 𝐴
Sistem PU (Per-Unit)

 Sistem PU merupakan cara penyederhanaan suatu nilai perhitungan

dengan menyatakan suatu nilai tertentu seperti daya, tegangan,
arus, impedansi maupun admitansi ke dalam satuan per-unit.
 Sistem PU merupakan metode atau cara menskalakan suatu nilai
parameter listrik terhadap nilai referensi/basis (base value).
Base Value
Untuk transformator satu fase :

Untuk transformator 3 fase :

 Per Unit System
 Soal 1
The equivalent circuit for a 100-MVA, 7.97-
kV:79.7-kV transformer is shown in Fig. 2.22a.
The equivalent-circuit parameters are:

XL=0.040 Ω XH=3.75 Ω Xm=114 Ω

RL=0.76 mΩ RH=0.085 Ω

Note that magnetizing inductance has been

referred to the low-voltage side of the
equivalent circuit. Convert the equivalent
circuit parameters to per unit using the
transformer rating as base.
Solution
High-voltage side

𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 79.7𝑘𝑉
2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 63.5 Ω
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
0.04
𝑋𝐿 = = 0.063 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Low-voltage side 0.635
3.75
𝑋𝐻 = = 0.0591 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
63.5
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴 114
𝑋𝑚 = = 180 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 7.97𝑘𝑉 0.635
2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 7.6 𝑥 10−4
𝑅𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 0.635 Ω 𝑅𝐿 = = 0.0012 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 0.635
0.085
𝑅𝐻 = = 0.0013 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
63.5
7.97 𝑘𝑉 79.7 𝑘𝑉
𝑃𝑒𝑟 − 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = ∶
7.97 𝑘𝑉 79.7 𝑘𝑉
=1∶1
Soal 2
The exciting current measured on the low-voltage side of a
50-kVA, 2400:240-V transformer is 5.41 A. Its equivalent
impedance referred to the high-voltage side is 1.42 + j1.82 Ω.
Using the transformer rating as the base, express in per unit on
the low-and high-voltage sides
(a) the exciting current and
(b) the equivalent impedance.
Solution

 Vbase,H = 2400 V Vbase,L = 240 V

ibase,H = 20.8 A ibase,L = 208 A

240
a) Zbase,H 
2400
 115.2 Zbase,L   1.152
20.8 208
j0.0182
0.142
,L
Zeq 0.0123
j0.0158
perunit
1.152

5.41
I , L   0.026 perunit I , H  0.541  0.026 perunit
208 20.8
b) 1.42  j1.8
Zeq , H   0.0123  j 0.0158 perunit
115 .2
0 . 142  j 0 . 0182
Zeq , L   0 . 0123  j 0 . 0158 perunit
1 . 152