Venturi, Orifice, Rotameter

CE 2031: Fluid Mechanics Lab
Venue: A-321
Time: Monday (9:00 to 11:55 am)
Instructor: Seetha N.
Department of Civil Engineering
Office: C-213/A
E-mail: seetha@iith.ac.in
Grading Policy
Lab experiments/Report Submission 50%
Final Exam/Viva 40%
Attendance 10%
Note: Copying Report 0 marks

CONTENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. NAME OF THE ESTIMATED DURATION
EXPERIMENT
1 HYDROSTATICS AND 1 hours
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
APPARATUS
2 2.5m FLOW CHANNEL 1.5 hours
3 WEIRS FOR H1D 1 hours
4 IMPACT OF A JET 1 hours
5 FLOW MEASUREMENT 1 hours
SYSTEM
6 LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM 1.5 hours
Student Groups
CE17BTECH11002 CE17BTECH11021
Group 1 Group 4
Group 2 Group 5
CE17BTECH11017 Group 6 CE17BTECH11039
Group 3
CE17BTECH11020
Format of the report
1. First page comprises the following information (Experiment name and number,
Student name and roll number)
2. Aim (1 mark)
3. Theory (3 marks)
4. Materials (details & graphical illustration of equipment used) (2 marks)
5. Procedure (3 marks)
6. Results: Observations and Calculations, Graphs (10)
7. Conclusions (1 mark)
Total = 20 marks
Submit the report in the next class at 9:00 am

1. HYDROSTATICS AND PROPERTIES OF FLUID
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
• Apparatus
• Sample Solution is Glycerol
• Standard Hydrometer
• Capillary tubes with bore diameter of 1.6mm,
0.8mm, 0.4mm
• SS sphere with dia = 23.43*10-6m and density =
7800kg/m3
• Standard weights of 1kg for Bourden Pressure gauge
• Inclined, U tubes with water
• Aim
• Determination of fluid density and specific gravity
• Use of a hydrometer
• Capillarity in tubes (surface tension)
• Measurement of viscosity by falling sphere method
• Operation of Bourden Pressure gauge
• Inclined and U tube Manometers
Bore Height in Constant =
Dimension,
d [mm]
bore ht [mm] (ht *d)/4
• Density Measurement
 Initial Weight of Beaker = W1 kgs
1.6
 Volume of Glycerol Taken = V ml = Vm3
0.8  Final weight of beaker with Glycerol = W2 kgs
0.4  Density of Glycerol , kg/m3 = (W2 - W1) / V
• Capillarity in tubes • Specific Gravity Measurement
 Principle: Surface tension balanced by
weight of column of water  Hydrometer Reading =
 Density of Glycerol kg/m3 =
• Measurement of Kinematic Viscosity

 Stokes Law 𝑔𝑑2 σ
ϑ= ( − 1)
18𝑣 ρ
 Diameter of given sphere = d = 0.2343 cm

 Distance Travelled = 21.5cm
 Time taken to travel = t sec
 Terminal Velocity of sphere m/sec = v = (21.5 * 10-2 )/t
 Density of sphere = σ =7800kg/m3

 Density of Glycerol = ρ = from hydrometer reading
• Bourden Pressure Gauge (Procedure)

 Make sure no air is entrapped
 Add the weights to the weight platform slowly. At each addition rotate the piston
 After stabilization, note the gauge reading with each addition of weight
 Remove the weight in reverse order. At each stage record the dial reading
• Bourden Pressure Gauge (Readings)

 Create a blank table (as given in next slide)
 Calculate Applied pressure, average error and error percentage.
 Plot Gauge pressure Vs Applied pressure and error Vs Applied pressure
Mass M Force W Applied Gauge Reading [KN/m2] Average Error % of
[Kg] [N] Pressure P Error full Scale
[KN/m2] [KN/m2]
Increasing Decreasing Average

1 (only
plunger)
2 (plunger
+weight)
3 (plunger
+weight)
4 (plunger
+weight)
5 (plunger
+weight)
Formulas: Increasing
W= M *g Decreasing
Gauge Pressure
P = W/ A
Error
A = Piston Area = 315 * 10-6 m2
Average Error (kPa) = Average pressure – Applied Pressure
Error % = (Average error/200 kPa) *100
Applied Pressure Applied Pressure
• Inclined and U Tube Manometers (Procedure)

 DO NOT APPLY NEGATIVE PRESSURE TO PRESSURE GAUGE
 Make the necessary connections for pressure gauge
 At each increment of 50 units in gauge note down the corresponding Manometer readings for both U
tube and Inclined tube
 Repeat the experiment with Vacuum gauge
 DONOT APPLY POSITIVE PRESSURE TO VACUUM GAUGE
• Inclined and U Tube Manometers (Reading)

 Create a blank table as given in next slide
Vertical Vertical
Manometer Reading
Manometer Reading
Inclined Inclined
Pressure Gauge Reading Vacuum Gauge Reading

Vacuum Inclined Manometer Vertical U Tube Manometer
gauge [mm of Water] [mm of Water]
[mm of
water]
P1 P2 Adjusted P2= Δmm P1 P2 Δmm
P2*sin54
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
Pressure Inclined Manometer Vertical U Tube Manometer

gauge [mm of Water] [mm of Water]
[mm of
water]
P1 P2 Adjusted P2= Δmm P1 P2 Δmm
P2*sin54
50
100
150
200
250
300
2. FLOW CHANNEL 2.5m
• Apparatus
• 2.5m rectangular, clear adjustable channel
• Sharp Crested Weir
• Venturi Flume
• Sluice Gate
• Aim
– To determine the effective coefficient of discharge C
for flow over typical obstacles in hydraulics
• Procedure
 Place the Sharp Crested Weir and measure channel height by depth gauge
 Start the Hydraulic bench with valve open to optimum position
 Use the pipette bulb to blow air and obtain separation of stream from weir
 Increase the valve to maximum flow
 Record the first reading by depth gauge, and the time to collect 15lts
 Repeat recordings for different (reduced) valve openings
 Place the Venturiflume in the channel and measure channel height by depth gauge
 Start the Hydraulic bench with maximum flow
 Using vernier calipers measure the throat width and place depth gauge at center of throat
 Record the first reading by depth gauge and corresponding time to collect 15lts
 Place Sluice Gauge at 20mm height from channel base and measure channel height by depth gauge
 Increase the valve to maximum flow
 Record the first reading by depth gauge, and time to collect 15lts, repeat twice
• Readings
 Create blank tables as given below and next slide
 Record the readings in the table for all 3 Models/Gates
• Principle
 In steady flow, shear stress force on water column balanced by gravity force
 Shear stress = f.(1/2.rho.(V_o)^2)
Sharp Crest Weir: 𝑪 ∗𝟐𝑩∗𝒉 𝟏.𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝒈

Depth Gauge= y1 = m Q=
Channel width = B = 0.0535m 𝟑
Water Qty, w Time [sec] Depth Guage, y2 Head,h = y1-y2 Q = w/t C

[L] [m] [m] [m3/sec]
Venturi flume:
Q= 𝑪𝑩 𝒈 ∗ (𝟐𝑬/𝟑) 𝟏.𝟓
Depth Gauge= y1 = m
Throat width = B = 0.0288m
Water Qty, Time [sec] Depth Head,h = Specific Q = w/t C

w [L] Guage, y2 y1-y2 [m] Energy, E = [m3/sec]
[m] 1.5 * h
Sluice Gate: .
Depth Gauge= y1 = m 𝒂
Channel width = b = 0.0535m Q= 𝑪𝒂𝒃 𝟐𝒈 𝑬 − 𝟐
Gate opening = a = 0.020m
Water Time Depth Head,h = Q = w/t V= Specific C
Qty, w [L] [sec] Guage, y2 y1-y2 [m] [m3/sec] Q/(h*b) Energy, E
[m] [m/sec] = V2/2g
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
• Apparatus
• Rectangular Notch Weirs:
Depth 100mm, width 30mm
• V Notch Weirs:
One of depth 100mm, total notch
angle 30 [θ =15]
One of depth 100mm, total notch
angle 90 [θ =45]
• Aim
• To find mean coefficient of discharge for the weir
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
• Procedure
 Fix the desired weir in the open channel of the Hydraulic bench. Smear some grease if required.
 Note the initial water level [Datum of head]
 Start the pump of the hydraulic bench and adjust the highest flow rate
 Wait for flow rate and upstream level to stabilize and note the time taken to collect 15lts of water.
 Use the level gauge to measure the water height. Subtract the datum value from your reading to get the head
 Repeat for lower flow rates in step difference of approx. 10mm
• Readings
 Create blank table as given in next slide
 Record in tables for Rectangular notch, V notch respectively
• Principle
 Bernoulli’s equation (inviscid fluid) holds for flow upstream & at notch
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
Rectangular Weir
Datum Value of Head =
Width of notch, B = 0.03m
Water Qty L Time [sec] Flow rate ,Q Gauge Head ,H [m] H 3/2 [m] Cdr
[lt] [m3/sec] Reading
[mm]
Calculation Method
Q = L/time
Head = H = Datum value – Gauge value
C dr = Q/(2.95 * B* H3/2)
Graphical Method
C dr = Slope/(2.95 * B)
3. WEIRS FOR H1D
V Notch Weir
Datum Value of Head =
Angle of notch, θ = 15 or 45
Water Qty L Time [sec] Flow rate ,Q Guage Head ,H [m] H 5/2 [m] Cdv
[lt] [m3/sec] Reading
[mm]
Calculation Method
Q = L/time
Head = H = Datum value – Gauge value
C dr = Q/(2.36 * tan θ * H5/2)
Graphical Method
C dr = Slope/(2.36 * tan θ)
4. IMPACT OF A JET
• Apparatus
• Weigh Beam Scale:
250mm in 1mm divisions
• Jockey Weight:
0.6 kg
• Standard Vanes:
Flat Plate Vane
Hemispherical Vane
• Aim
– To demonstrate that the force on a vane is
proportional to the rate of delivery of momentum
4. IMPACT OF A JET
• Procedure
 Make sure the weigh beam is at balance with jockey weight at zero position
 Start the hydraulic pump with max flow rate
 Move the jockey weight until the beam balances again. Note the distance y from zero position
 Measure the time taken to collect 15lts of water
 Reduce distance y in increments of approx. 15mm and repeat the experiment by reducing the flow rate to obtain the
beam balanced.
 Repeat the same procedure by changing the vane.
• Readings
 Record in tables for flat plate vane and hemispherical vane respectively
• Principle
 Momentum change of jet on vane recorded as force about the lever arm
 Force on lever arm creates torque which is balanced by the weight
4. IMPACT OF A JET
Water Time Distance, Flow, ṁ u uO ṁuO Experim Ideal F
Qty [kg] [sec] y [m] [kg/sec] [m/sec] [m/sec] [N] ental F [N]
[N]
Formulas
Speed of jet at exit, u = ṁ/(ρ * A)
Density of water, ρ =1000 kg/m3
Cross sectional area of nozzle, A = 78.5*10-6
m2
Velocity deflected by vane, uO2 = u2-0.687
Rate of delivery of momentum, ṁuO kgm/s2
Force on Vane = F Newtons
Experimental F = 4gy
Flat Plate Vane, Ideal F = ṁuo
Hemispherical vane, Ideal F = 2*ṁuo
5. FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
• Apparatus
• Venturimeter with inlet diameter = 16mm, Outlet
diameter = 26mm
• Orifice meter with orifice = 20mm
• Rotameter with max reading of 210mm with 1mm
division
• Aim
– To measure the discharge of an incompressible fluid
by a Venturi meter, an Orifice plate meter and a
rotameter
– To measure the head loss associated with each
meter
• Procedure
 Start the hydraulic pump to fill the system completely with water such that no air is entrapped in the system
 Switch off the pump
 Open the air purge valve slowly so that the manometer reads approx. 200mm
 Start the pump again and adjust the valve such that the rotameter reads approx. 10mm
 When a steady flow is maintained record the flow by Hydraulic bench and note down the manometer readings
 Repeat the procedure for a number of equidistant rotameter readings up to max. pressure readings can be recorded
• Readings
 Record in tables for Venturi meter, orifice meter and rotameter respectively
• Principle
 The Venturi meter & Orifice plate meter are dependent on Bernoulli’s equation for calculations
 Rotameter depends on pressure drop across float being independent of discharge
 Rotameter height is proportional to discharge rate (see formula in manual)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Manometer A
levels
B
Rotameter [mm]
Water [kg]
Time [sec]
Mass Venturi
Flow rate
[kg/sec] Orifice
Weigh
Tank
Volumet Weigh
ric Flow tank
rate
[lt/min]
ΔH/Inlet Venturi
Kinetic
Head Orifice
Weigh
Tank
Mass flow rate of: Calculation of Head Loss:
Venturi meter = 0.962 * (ha – hb)0.5 Venturi meter

Orifice meter = 0.906 * (he – hf)0.5 Head loss = (ha – hc)/DNM
All manometer readings in meters DNM =venturimeter inlet kinetic head
= 0.167 * (ha – hb)
Rota meter
Orifice meter
Head loss = 0.83*(he – hf)/DNM
DNM = Orifice inlet Kinetic head
= 1/16 * Venturimeter kinetic head
=1/16 * 0.167 * (ha – hb)
Rotameter
Head loss = hh – hi
6. LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM
• Apparatus
• Standard Bore Straight pipe: 13.6mm
• Sudden Expansion 13.6mm to 26.2mm
• Sudden Contraction 26.2mm to 13.6mm
• Bends with pipe dia, d = 13.6mm
Mitre [No radius] R =0, R/d= 0
Elbow R =13.6, R/d= 1
50mm radius R =50, R/d= 3.7
100mm radius R =100, R/d= 7.35
150mm radius R =150, R/d= 11.03
• Aim
• To compute theoretical friction factor from the
Blasius equation
• To find pressure loss across sudden expansion and
sudden contraction fittings
• To measure loss coefficient for 5 bends
• Procedure
 Start the hydraulic bench for max flow
 Fully shut globe valve and open gate valve fully
 Measure the flow rate using the hydraulic bench
 Slowly close the gate valve in increment of 0.05mbar, record the manometer pressure drops and corresponding flow
rate using the hydraulic bench.
 Try to obtain until max pressure is reached.
 Repeat the experiment with gate valve closed and globe valve fully open
• Readings
 Record in tables for gate valve and globe valve respectively
• Principle
 Continuity equation used to infer mass balance across bends
 Head loss across geometry calculated using friction factor expression
 Head loss away from geometry ignored: Bernoulli’s equation is used
Gate Valve:
Gauge reading, fully open=
Volumetric flow rate =
Pressure gauge Time for Manometric reading [mm]
reading [mbar] 15lts[sec]
1 2 3 4 5 6
Globe Valve:
Gauge reading, fully open=
Volumetric flow rate =
Pressure gauge Time for 15 lts Manometric reading [mm]
reading [mbar] [sec]
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
6. LOSSES INCalculation
PIPING SYSTEM
of theoretical friction factor from the Blasius equation :
Pressure Time for hL , Flow rate Velocity V Friction Reynolds Blasius

Gauge 15lts[sec] 3&4 piezo Q, [m3/sec] [m/sec] factor f number, friction
Reading [m] Re factor, f
[mbar]
Given data:
Diameter of pipe = 13.6mm, Area = A
Kinematic viscosity of water = ϑ =0.8539*10-6 m2/sec
Length of tube = L = 0.914m
Formulas:
V= Q/A
f = (hL*2gd) /(4LV2)
Re = (V*d) / ϑ
Blasius f = 0.0785 / (Re)0.25
Calculation of KE Valve for sudden Expansion:
Pressure Flow Upstream Velocity VU and Downstream Velocity Vd Piezo HL= piezo + hU - hd
Gauge rate Q Head hU and Head hd reading
Reading [m3/sec] 7&8
[mbar]
Vu = Q/Au hu = Vd = Q/Ad hd =
Vu2/2g Vd2/2g
Given Data:
Au = 0.0001453m2
Ad = 0.000539m2
Theoretical KE = (1- (AU/Ad))2
Calculation by Graphical Method:

Slope = KE
Compare KE Graphical vs Theoretical

Calculation of KC Valve for sudden Contraction:
Pressure Flow Upstream Velocity VU and Downstream Velocity Vd Piezo HL= piezo + hU - hd
Gauge rate Q Head hU and Head hd reading
Reading [m3/sec 9 & 10
[mbar] ]
Vu = Q/Au hu = Vd = Q/Ad hd =
Vu2/2g Vd2/2g
Given Data:
Au = 0.000539m2
Ad = 0.0001453m2
Theoretical KC = 0.33 from Table (Kc vs Ad/Au)
Compare Kc Actual with Theoretical
Calculation of KB Valve for 5 Bend Fittings at pressure gauge of mbar:
Nomenclature R/d Ratio Corresponding hTotal hB = h Total – hf KB

piezo piezo [m] [m]
Mitre 0 5&6
Elbow 1 1&2
50mm 3.6 15 & 16
100mm 7.3 11 & 12
150mm 11.02 13 & 14
Given Data: Formulas:

For 15 lts , Time = Q = 0.015/time m3/sec
Q = 0.015/time m3/sec Velocity V = Q/A
d =13.6mm2, Area A = Reynolds Number Re = (V *d) / ϑ
Kinematic Viscosity = ϑ Friction Factor f = 0.0785 / (Re)0.25
ϑ= 0.8539 * 10-6 m2/sec Head Loss Friction hf = (4fLV2) /
(2gd)
L = 0.914m
Head Loss bends hB = h Total – hf
KB = (hB*2g)/V2

Venturi, Orifice, Rotameter

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CE 2031: Fluid Mechanics Lab

Final Exam/Viva 40%

Note: Copying Report 0 marks

Submit the report in the next class at 9:00 am

• Measurement of Kinematic Viscosity

 Diameter of given sphere = d = 0.2343 cm

 Density of sphere = σ =7800kg/m3

• Bourden Pressure Gauge (Procedure)

• Bourden Pressure Gauge (Readings)

Increasing Decreasing Average

• Inclined and U Tube Manometers (Procedure)

• Inclined and U Tube Manometers (Reading)

Pressure Gauge Reading Vacuum Gauge Reading

Pressure Inclined Manometer Vertical U Tube Manometer

Sharp Crest Weir: 𝑪 ∗𝟐𝑩∗𝒉 𝟏.𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝒈

Water Qty, w Time [sec] Depth Guage, y2 Head,h = y1-y2 Q = w/t C

Water Qty, Time [sec] Depth Head,h = Specific Q = w/t C

Venturi meter = 0.962 * (ha – hb)0.5 Venturi meter

Pressure Time for hL , Flow rate Velocity V Friction Reynolds Blasius

Calculation by Graphical Method:

Compare KE Graphical vs Theoretical

Nomenclature R/d Ratio Corresponding hTotal hB = h Total – hf KB

Given Data: Formulas:

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