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Equation
Contaminant Transport
Modelling Contaminant
Transport in Porous Media
2c c c
D 2 v R
x x t
Advection
Advection causes translation of
2c c c
D 2 v R the solute field by moving the
x x t solute with the flow velocity
ne – effective porosity
Dispersion
Dispersion causes ‘spreading’ of
2c c c
D 2 v R the solute plume
x x t
It is composed of both
molecular and mechanical
dispersion (that can not be
distinguished on the Darcy
Dispersion term scale)
D = Dmol + Dmech
Diffusion
Diffusion describes the spread of particles through random motion
from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower
concentration.
dC
Fick’s Law - diffusive flux FD = Dmol
dx
The diffusion coefficient depends on the materials, temperature,
electrical fields, etc.
Dmech = av
a is the dynamic dispersivity
C(t = 0) = d (x - x')
The delta function is like an infinitely thin
infinitely peaked pulse. It can be though of
as an approximation to a very narrow
exponential or Gaussian. An important property
is ¥
ò d (x - x')dx = 1
-¥
¥
Calculate ò cdx
-¥
What does this concentration
distribution look like?
( x -x' -vt ) 2
M -
c= e 4 Dt
4pDt
There are two drinking wells, one 2m east of the spill and another is
500 m west of the spill. Calculate the concentrations that will arrive at
these wells.
Zeroth Moment
First Moment
Second Moment
C = C0 e- lt
¶c ¶c ¶2 c
+ v = D 2 -gc
¶t ¶x ¶x
¶c ¶c ¶2 c
+ v = D 2 -gc
¶t ¶x ¶x
¶c ¶c ¶2 c
+ v = D 2 -gc
¶t ¶x ¶x
Imagine you have a continuous source at x=0 and you are only
interested in x greater than zero (semi-infinite domain)
¶c
v = -gc
¶x
c(x = 0) = C0 0<x <¥
¶c
v = -gc
¶x
c(x = 0) = C0 0<x <¥
Solution
gx
c C0 exp
v
Neglect advection
Imagine you have a continuous source at x=0 and you are only
interested in x greater than zero (semi-infinite domain)
¶2 c
0 = D 2 -gc
¶x
c(x = 0) = C0 0<x <¥
Neglect advection
Imagine you have a continuous source at x=0 and you are only
interested in x greater than zero (semi-infinite domain)
¶2 c
0 = D 2 -gc
¶x
c(x = 0) = C0 0<x <¥
Solution (Inferred)
c = A e( ) + A e-( )
g /D x g /D x
1 2
By the way
When can you neglect dispersion? Or advection? How would you
quantify this?
By the way
When can you neglect dispersion? Or advection? How would you
quantify this?
¶c ¶2 c
v = D 2 -gc
¶x ¶x
c(x = 0) = C0 0<x <¥
If we include both
advection and dispersion
Imagine you have a continuous source at x=0 and you are only
interested in x greater than zero (semi-infinite domain)
¶c ¶2 c
v = D 2 -gc
¶x ¶x
The general solution to this ODE is
(v+ )
v 2 +4g D x (- -v+ )
v 2 +4g D x
c = A1e 2D
+ A2 e 2D
Health Risk – for chronic
exposure to carcinogens
How does the EPA determine if a concentration is too high or that it
poses a health risk to the general population
AT – Averaging Time
Health Risk
How does the EPA determine if a concentration is too high or that it
poses a health risk to the general population
The EPA mandates R<10-6 (less than one in a million gets sick)
¶c ¶c ¶2c
R +v = D 2 + F(x,t) C(x,t = 0) = F(x)
¶t ¶x ¶x
Source Initial
Condition
To solve this we can exploit the linear nature of the equation and
use what is called the Greens function
Greens Function
¶c ¶c ¶2c
R +v = D 2 + F(x,t) C(x,t = 0) = F(x)
¶t ¶x ¶x