Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Neurofiziologie
lectia 4
Asistenu universitar
Lupușor Adrian
17.04.2019
Nivelele majore ale SNC
• Maduva spinarii
• Structurile subcorticale
• Cortexul
Tematica precedenta
• Maduva spinarii
Nivelele majore ale SNC
Structurile subcorticale
• Multe, dacă nu chiar cele mai multe, din ceea ce numim activități
subconștiente ale corpului sunt controlate de regiunile subcorticale -
adică de bulb, punte, mesencefal, hipotalamusul, talamusul, cerebel și
ganglionii bazali.
• De exemplu, controlul subconștient al presiunii arteriale si respirației
se realizează în principal în bulb și punte.
• Controlul echilibrului este o funcție combinată a cerebelului și a
substantei reticulate din bulb, punte si mezencefal.
• Reflexe de hrănire, cum ar fi masticatia, deglutitia, salivarea, linsul
buzelor ca răspuns la gustul alimentelor, sunt controlate de zone din
bulb, punte, mezencefal, amigdala și hipotalamus.
• În plus, multe astfel de modele emoționale ca furia, bucuria,
comportamentul sexual, reacție la durere, reacția la plăcere pot fi
prezente după distrugerea unei regiuni mari ale cortexului cerebral.
Tematica actuala
Alergatul / aruncarea mingii la cos / conducerea automobilului
• Eferentele de la acesti
nuclei pleaca spre
cortexul cerebral prin
talamus ori trunchiul
cerebral.
Eferentele cerebelului
De la talamus , semnalele
mai departe sunt
transmise spre cortexul
cerebral si ganglionii
bazali.
Eferentele cerebelului
• Emisferele laterale
isi transmit
proiectiile spre
nucleul dentat
(lateral) si apoi spre
nucleii talamici
ventrolateral si
ventral anterior
care ulterior
transmit informatia
spre cortex.
Circuitele neuronale ale cerebelului
Fibrele cataratoare isi au
originea la nivelul complexului
olivar inferior
• Trunchiul cerebral
– Nucleii vestibulari + aparatul vestibular
– Substanta reticulata – nucleii pontini excitatori si
bulbari inhibitori
• Trunchiul cerebral
– Nucleii vestibulari + aparatul vestibular
– Substanta reticulata – nucleii pontini excitatori si
bulbari inhibitori
Substanta reticulata –
nucleii pontini excitatori si bulbari inhibitori
Vestibulocerebelul face conexiune cu trunchiul cerebral si
maduva spinarii pentru a regula echilibrul corpului si postura
• Trunchiul cerebral
– Nucleii vestibulari + aparatul vestibular
– Substanta reticulata – nucleii pontini excitatori si
bulbari inhibitori
• Maduva spinarii
– Calea coloana dorsala – lemnisc medial
• Receptorii pentru atingerea fina, presiunea profunda,
inclusive proprioreceptorii – viteza mare de conducere a
fibrelor
– Proprioreceptorii de la nivelul gatului
– De ex.: situatia cand doar capul este inclinat inainte (pentru a vede ceva
sub picioare ) sau cand brusc podeaua de sub noi se inclina inainte, si
aceiasi modificare in pozitia capului va avea loc, doar ca corpul va trebui sa
se adapteze la noua pozitie, si respective va mentine echilibrul.
Vestibulocerebelul face conexiune cu trunchiul cerebral si
maduva spinarii pentru a regula echilibrul corpului si postura
• Trunchiul cerebral
– Nucleii vestibulari + aparatul vestibular
– Substanta reticulata – nucleii pontini excitatori si
bulbari inhibitori
• Maduva spinarii
– Calea coloana dorsala – lemnisc medial
• Receptorii pentru atingerea fina, presiunea profunda,
inclusive proprioreceptorii – viteza mare de conducere a
fibrelor
– Proprioreceptorii de la nivelul gatului
– Proprioreceptorii din alte regiune – picioare – daca greutatea este
repartizata egal sau nu pe ambele picioare/maini sau daca
greutatea este mai mult pe piciorul din`ainte sau din`apoi
Vestibulocerebelul face conexiune cu trunchiul cerebral si
maduva spinarii pentru a regula echilibrul corpului si postura
• Trunchiul cerebral
– Nucleii vestibulari + aparatul vestibular
– Substanta reticulata – nucleii pontini excitatori si
bulbari inhibitori
• Maduva spinarii
– Calea coloana dorsala – lemnisc medial
• Receptorii pentru atingerea fina, presiunea profunda,
inclusive proprioreceptorii – viteza mare de conducere a
fibrelor
– Proprioreceptorii de la nivelul gatului
– Proprioreceptorii din alte regiune – picioare – daca greutatea este
repartizata egal
– Exteroreceptorii (de atingere fina, profunda) – rezistenta vantului
Vestibulocerebelul face conexiune cu trunchiul cerebral si
maduva spinarii pentru a regula echilibrul corpului si postura
• Trunchiul cerebral
– Nucleii vestibulari + aparatul vestibular
– Substanta reticulata – nucleii pontini excitatori si
bulbari inhibitori
• Maduva spinarii
– Calea coloana dorsala – lemnisc medial
• Informatia vizuala
Vestibulocerebelul face conexiune cu trunchiul cerebral si
maduva spinarii pentru a regula echilibrul corpului si postura
• Informatia vizuala
– Chiar dupa lezarea aparatului vestibular si dupa
pierderea majoritatii informatiei parvenite de la
proprioreceptori, persoana va putea mentine echilibrul
fara mari probleme cu ajutorul vazului – miscarea lineara
sau angulara va misca imaginea pe retina, ceia ce va fi
deajuns ca cerebelul sa poate mentine echilibrul.
4.Adiadochokinesia
Cerebelul are functia de conectare/deconectare
(Turn On/Turn Off) DISDIADOCHOCHINESIA.
• Planul miscarii care urmeaza sa fie realizat este transmis de catre aria
premotorie si in paralel de aria somatosenzoriala catre nucleii pontini
bazilari si apoi catre nucleii si cortexul cerebelar al emisferelor laterale
• Astfel ,o miscare care urmeaza sa aiba loc va intarzia sau va incepe prea
devreme, ceia ce nu va permite progresarea in ordinea corespunzatoare a
elementelor miscarilor care formeaza o miscare ampla – asa miscari ca
scrisul, alergatul nu vor fi posibile.
Freezing of gait
Rolul GB in controlul cognitiv al miscarilor –
Circuitul Caudat/circuitul cognitiv/asociativ
Ex.1:
Cand invatam sa facem o activitate motorie necunoscuta -
mergem cu bicicleta, cu automobilul, etc
Ex.2: cand vedem un leu – este o experienta unica – se incepe
un sir de actiuni motorii sincronizate: ne intoarcem cu
spatele/cu fata spre leu; incepem sa fugim/sarim gardul
.
Circuitul Limbic
Association
Areas
Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions
of the Brain, Learning, and Memory
• Hipotalamusul transmite influente atat spre trunchiul cerebral, cat si spre diencefal, cortexul
limbic, hipofiza.
• Hipotalamusul controleaza
– (1) functiile vegetative si endocrine
– (2) comportamentul si motivarea
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System
Key Position of the Hypothalamus
Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions.
• The hypothalamus can be divided into a number of cell groups responsible for certain
functions; however, localization of function is less precise than is suggested by these studies.
• Cardiovascular regulation involves control of arterial pressure and heart rate and is focused
in general in the posterior and lateral hypothalamic areas, which increase blood pressure
and heart rate, or in the preoptic area, which decreases blood pressure and heart rate.
These effects are mediated by cardiovascular centers in the pontine and the medullary
reticular formation.
• Body temperature regulation is controlled by neurons in the preoptic area that are able to
sense changes in the temperature of blood flowing through the area. Increases or decreases
in temperature signal the appropriate cells to activate body temperature-lowering or
temperature-elevating mechanisms.
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System
Key Position of the Hypothalamus
Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions.
Body Water Regulation. The hypothalamus regulates body water in two ways: (1) by creating
the sensation of thirst, which drives the animal or person to drink water, and (2) by
controlling the excretion of water into the urine.
• An area called the thirst center is located in the lateral hypothalamus.
• Control of renal excretion of water is vested mainly in the supraoptic nuclei. When the body
fluids become too concentrated, the neurons of these areas become stimulated and secrete
the hormone antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin).
Regulation of Uterine Contractility and Milk Ejection from the Breasts. Stimulation of the
paraventricular nuclei causes their neuronal cells to secrete the hormone oxytocin.
Secretion of this hormone in turn causes increased contractility of the uterus, as well as
contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli of the breasts, which then
causes the alveoli to empty their milk through the nipples.
• At the end of pregnancy, especially large quantities of oxytocin are secreted, and this
secretion helps promote labor contractions that expel the baby
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System
Key Position of the Hypothalamus
Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions.
Gastrointestinal and feeding regulation are controlled by several hypothalamic areas.
• The lateral hypothalamus is responsible for the desire to seek out food, and damage to this
area may result in starvation.
• In comparison, the ventromedial nucleus is called the satiety center because its activity
produces a “stop eating” signal. The mammillary nuclei are involved in certain reflexes
related to food intake, such as lip licking and swallowing.
• Anterior pituitary gland regulation is achieved by the elaboration of releasing and inhibitory
factors from the hypothalamus, which are carried by a portal system to the anterior lobe of
the pituitary. Here they act on glandular cells that produce the anterior pituitary hormones.
The hypothalamic neurons that produce these factors are found in the periventricular zone,
the arcuate nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System
Key Position of the Hypothalamus
Behavioral Control Functions of the Hypothalamus and Associated Limbic Structures.
Effects caused by hypothalamic lesions include (1) extreme passivity and loss of drives and (2)
excessive eating and drinking, rage, and violent behavior.
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System
Key Position of the Hypothalamus
“Reward” and “Punishment” Function of the Limbic System
• The major locations that evoke a pleasurable feeling or sense of reward when stimulated are
found along the course of the medial forebrain bundle, especially in the lateral and
ventromedial hypothalamus.
• Conversely, areas that when stimulated evoke aversive behavior include the midbrain
periaqueductal gray, the periventricular zones of the thalamus and hypothalamus, the
amygdala, and the hippocampus.
• Amygdala. This large aggregate of cells is located in the medial, anterior pole of the
temporal lobe and consists of two subdivisions: a corticomedial nuclear group and a
basolateral group of nuclei. The amygdala output is varied and extensive, reaching the
cortex, hippocampus, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Stimulation of the amygdala
produces changes in heart rate, arterial pressure, gastrointestinal motility, defecation and
urination, pupillary dilation, piloerection, and secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. In
addition, involuntary movements can be elicited, including tonic posture, circling
movements, clonus, andmovements associated with olfaction and eating. Behavior such as
rage, fear, escape, and sexual activity can be evoked. Bilateral destruction of the temporal
poles leads to the Klüver-Bucy syndrome, which includes extreme orality, loss of fear,
decreased aggressiveness, tameness, changes in eating behavior, psychic blindness, and
excessive sexual drive.
Specific Functions of Other Parts of the
Limbic System
• Limbic Cortex. The discrete contributions of various portions of the limbic cortex are poorly
understood. Knowledge of their function is derived from lesions that damage the cortex.
Bilateral destruction of the anterior temporal cortex leads to the Klüver-Bucy syndrome, as
described earlier. Bilateral lesions in the posterior orbitofrontal cortex lead to insomnia and
restlessness. Bilateral destruction of the anterior cingulate and subcallosal gyri evokes an
extreme rage reaction.