Human Anatomy

Chapter 10

The Muscular
System: Axial
Musculature

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 Introduction
• The skeletal muscle of the body can be
subdivided into:
– Axial musculature
• Muscles that position the head and vertebral column
• Muscles that move the rib cage
– Appendicular musculature
• Muscles that stabilize or move the appendicular
skeleton

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 The Axial Musculature

• The axial muscles can be placed into four

groups based on location or function
– Muscles of the head and neck
– Muscles of the vertebral column
– Oblique and rectus muscles
– Muscles of the pelvic floor

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 Figure 10.1 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Anterior View (Part 1 of 2)
Epicranial Frontal belly of
aponeurosis occipitofrontalis
Temporoparietalis
Temporoparietalis (reflected)
Temporalis
Trapezius

Clavicle Sternocleidomastoid

Deltoid Omohyoid

Pectoralis major Acromion

Biceps brachii Sternum

(short head)
Serratus
Biceps brachii anterior
(long head)
Latissimus dorsi

External oblique

Rectus
abdominis
Linea alba

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 Figure 10.2 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Posterior View (Part 1 of 2)
Epicranial
aponeurosis

Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

Deltoid

Infraspinatus Rhomboid
major
Teres minor
Triceps brachii
Teres major
(long head)

Latissimus dorsi Triceps brachii

(lateral head)

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 The Axial Musculature
• Muscles of the Head and Neck
– Can be subdivided into several different groups
• Muscles of facial expression
• Extraocular muscles
• Muscles of mastication
• Muscles of the tongue
• Muscles of the pharynx
• Muscles of the anterior neck

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 The Axial Musculature
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Mouth)
– Orbicularis oris
– Zygomaticus major and minor
– Risorius
– Mentalis
– Depressor labii inferioris
– Depressor anguli oris
– Levator anguli oris
– Buccinator
– Depressor labii superioris

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 Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I

Frontal belly of Epicranial

occipitofrontalis aponeurosis

Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed) Temporalis

Orbicularis oculi Procerus

Nasalis

Zygomaticus
minor Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Risorius Buccinator
Platysma

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Clavicle

Platysma
(cut and reflected)

Anterior view
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 Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II

Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)

Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
Levator labii occipitofrontalis
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor Masseter
Levator anguli
oris Buccinator

Zygomaticus
major Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis
oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
Omohyoid
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Platysma (cut
and reflected)

A diagrammatic lateral view

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 Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 1 of 5)

A&P Flix: Buccinator

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 The Axial Musculature
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Eye)
– Corrugator supercilii
– Levator palpebrae superioris
– Orbicularis oculi

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 Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I

Frontal belly of Epicranial

occipitofrontalis aponeurosis

Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed) Temporalis

Orbicularis oculi Procerus

Nasalis

Zygomaticus
minor Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Risorius Buccinator
Platysma

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Clavicle

Platysma
(cut and reflected)

Anterior view
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 Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II

Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)

Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
Levator labii occipitofrontalis
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor Masseter
Levator anguli
oris Buccinator

Zygomaticus
major Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis
oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
Omohyoid
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Platysma (cut
and reflected)

A diagrammatic lateral view

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 Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 2 of 5)

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 The Axial Musculature
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Nose)
– Procerus
– Nasalis

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 Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I

Frontal belly of Epicranial

occipitofrontalis aponeurosis

Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed) Temporalis

Orbicularis oculi Procerus

Nasalis

Zygomaticus
minor Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Risorius Buccinator
Platysma

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Clavicle

Platysma
(cut and reflected)

Anterior view
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 Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II

Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)

Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
Levator labii occipitofrontalis
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor Masseter
Levator anguli
oris Buccinator

Zygomaticus
major Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis
oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
Omohyoid
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Platysma (cut
and reflected)

A diagrammatic lateral view

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 Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 3 of 5)

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 The Axial Musculature
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Scalp)
– Occipitofrontalis
• Frontal belly (frontalis)
• Occipital belly (occipitalis)
– Temporoparietalis

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 Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I

Frontal belly of Epicranial

occipitofrontalis aponeurosis

Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed) Temporalis

Orbicularis oculi Procerus

Nasalis

Zygomaticus
minor Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Risorius Buccinator
Platysma

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Clavicle

Platysma
(cut and reflected)

Anterior view
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 Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II

Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)

Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
Levator labii occipitofrontalis
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor Masseter
Levator anguli
oris Buccinator

Zygomaticus
major Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis
oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
Omohyoid
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Platysma (cut
and reflected)

A diagrammatic lateral view

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 Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 4 of 5)

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 The Axial Musculature
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Neck)
– Platysma

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 Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I

Frontal belly of Epicranial

occipitofrontalis aponeurosis

Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed) Temporalis

Orbicularis oculi Procerus

Nasalis

Zygomaticus
minor Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Risorius Buccinator
Platysma

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Clavicle

Platysma
(cut and reflected)

Anterior view
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 Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II

Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)

Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
Levator labii occipitofrontalis
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor Masseter
Levator anguli
oris Buccinator

Zygomaticus
major Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis
oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
Omohyoid
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Platysma (cut
and reflected)

A diagrammatic lateral view

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 Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 5 of 5)

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 The Axial Musculature

• Extra-ocular Muscles
– Extrinsic eye muscles (muscles that control eye
movement)
• Medial and lateral rectus muscles
• Superior and inferior rectus muscles
• Superior and inferior oblique muscles

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 Figure 10.5a Extra–ocular Muscles
Levator
Superior Superior Frontal palpebrae Trochlea
rectus oblique bone superioris (ligamentous sling)

Optic
nerve

Lateral
rectus
Inferior
rectus Maxilla Inferior oblique

Muscles on the lateral surface of the right eye

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 Figure 10.5b Extra–ocular Muscles
Levator
Superior palpebrae Superior
Trochlea rectus superioris oblique

Medial Inferior Optic

rectus rectus nerve

Muscles on the medial surface of the right eye

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 The Axial Musculature
• Extra-ocular Muscles
– Eye movements
• Lateral rectus: rotates the eye laterally
• Medial rectus: rotates the eye medially
• Superior rectus: rotates the eye upward
• Inferior rectus: rotates the eye downward
• Superior oblique: rotates the eye downward and
laterally
• Inferior oblique: rotates the eye upward and laterally

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 Figure 10.5c Extra–ocular Muscles

Trochlea
Superior
rectus Superior
oblique

Lateral Medial
rectus rectus
Inferior
oblique

Inferior
rectus

Anterior view of the right eye showing the orientation of the

extra-ocular muscles and the directions of eye movement
produced by contractions of the individual muscles
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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of Mastication
– Masseter
– Temporalis
– Pterygoids

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 Figure 10.6a Muscles of Mastication

Superior
temporal line

Temporalis

Zygomatic
arch

Capsule of
temporomandibular
joint

Masseter

The temporalis and masseter are prominent

muscles on the lateral surface of the skull. The
temporalis passes medial to the zygomatic arch to
insert on the coronoid process of the mandible.
The masseter inserts on the angle and lateral
surface of the mandible.
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 Figure 10.6b Muscles of Mastication

Lateral pterygoid

Medial pterygoid

Mandible
The location and orientation of the
pterygoid muscles can be seen after
removing the overlying muscles,
along with a portion of the mandible.
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 Table 10.3 Muscles of Mastication

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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Tongue

– Genioglossus
– Hyoglossus
– Palatoglossus
– Styloglossus

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 Figure 10.7 Muscles of the Tongue

Styloid process
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Hyoid bone

Mandible
(cut)

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 Table 10.4 Muscles of the Tongue

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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Pharynx

– Pharyngeal constrictors
• Superior constrictor
• Middle constrictor
• Inferior constrictor

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 Figure 10.8a Muscles of the Pharynx

Tensor veli Levator veli

palatini palatini

Superior pharyngeal
constrictor
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

Middle pharyngeal
constrictor

Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Esophagus

Lateral view
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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Pharynx (continued)

– Laryngeal elevators
• Palatopharyngeus
• Stylopharyngeus

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 Figure 10.8a Muscles of the Pharynx

Tensor veli Levator veli

palatini palatini

Superior pharyngeal
constrictor
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

Middle pharyngeal
constrictor

Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Esophagus

Lateral view
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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Pharynx (continued)

– Palatal muscles
• Levator veli palatini
• Tensor veli palatini

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 Figure 10.8a Muscles of the Pharynx

Tensor veli Levator veli

palatini palatini

Superior pharyngeal
constrictor
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

Middle pharyngeal
constrictor

Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Esophagus

Lateral view
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 Table 10.5 Muscles of the Pharynx

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 The Axial Musculature

• Anterior Muscles of the Neck

– Digastric
– Mylohyoid (deep to the digastric)
– Geniohyoid (deep to the mylohyoid)
– Stylohyoid

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 Figure 10.9ab Anterior Muscles of the Neck

Genioglossus
(cut)

Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid

Mandible

Hyoid bone
Mandible
Muscles that form the floor of
Mylohyoid Mylohyoid
(cut and reflected) the oral cavity, superior view
Anterior
Geniohyoid
belly
Digastric Stylohyoid
Posterior
belly Hyoid bone

Sternocleidomastoid Thyrohyoid
(cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Cricothyroid
Superior
belly Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Inferior
belly

Sternohyoid

Clavicle

Clavicular
Cut heads of
head
sternocleidomastoid Sternocleido-
Sternum Sternal head mastoid

Anterior view of neck muscles

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 The Axial Musculature

• Anterior Muscles of the Neck (continued)

– Omohyoid
– Sternohyoid (deep to the omohyoid)
– Sternothyroid (deep to the sternohyoid)
– Thyrohyoid (attached to the sternothyroid and
hyoid bone)
– Sternocleidomastoid

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 Figure 10.9a Anterior Muscles of the Neck

Mandible
Mylohyoid Mylohyoid
(cut and reflected)
Anterior Geniohyoid
belly
Digastric Stylohyoid
Posterior
belly Hyoid bone

Sternocleidomastoid Thyrohyoid
(cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Cricothyroid
Superior
belly Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Inferior
belly

Sternohyoid

Clavicle

Clavicular
Cut heads of
head
sternocleidomastoid Sternocleido-
Sternum mastoid
Sternal head

Anterior view of neck muscles

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 Table 10.6 Anterior Muscles of the Neck

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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Vertebral Column

– Back muscles form three distinct layers
• Superficial layer (extrinsic back muscles): move the
neck
• Intermediate layer (extrinsic back muscles): move the
vertebral column
• Deep layer (intrinsic back muscles): interconnect the
vertebrae

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 The Axial Musculature

• Examples of the extrinsic back muscles

– Superficial layer of extrinsic muscles
• Trapezius
• Latissimus dorsi
• Levator scapulae
• Rhomboid muscle

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 Figure 11.2 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, and Back
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Cut edge of right trapezius
Splenius capitis
Trapezius Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Scapular spine
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Deltoid
Serratus posterior
Infraspinatus
(superior)
Teres minor

Rhomboid major
Teres major
(cut and reflected)
Triceps
brachii Serratus
anterior
Erector spinae
muscle group
(see Figure 10.10b) Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
Latissimus dorsi

Serratus posterior
(inferior)
Thoracolumbar fascia External oblique
External oblique Internal oblique
Iliac crest Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius (cut and reflected)

Gluteus maximus

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 The Axial Musculature
• Example of the extrinsic back muscles
– Intermediate layer of extrinsic muscles
• Serratus posterior

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 Figure 11.2 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, and Back
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Cut edge of right trapezius
Splenius capitis
Trapezius Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Scapular spine
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Deltoid
Serratus posterior
Infraspinatus
(superior)
Teres minor

Rhomboid major
Teres major
(cut and reflected)
Triceps
brachii Serratus
anterior
Erector spinae
muscle group
(see Figure 10.10b) Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
Latissimus dorsi

Serratus posterior
(inferior)
Thoracolumbar fascia External oblique
External oblique Internal oblique
Iliac crest Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius (cut and reflected)

Gluteus maximus

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 The Axial Musculature
• The Deep Layer (or intrinsic back muscles)
– Can be further subdivided into:
• Superficial intrinsic
• Intermediate intrinsic
• Deep intrinsic

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 The Axial Musculature
• Example of Superficial Intrinsic Back Muscles
– Splenius muscles

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 Figure 10.10b Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Longissimus Semispinalis
capitis (cut) capitis
Spinalis cervicis
Splenius
Middle scalene
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Posterior
scalene Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus
cervicis

Semispinalis Iliocostalis
thoracis thoracis

Longissimus
thoracis

Spinalis
thoracis

Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum

Quadratus
lumborum Erector
spinae
muscles

Thoracodorsal
fascia

Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper

(left) muscles of the vertebral column
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 The Axial Musculature

• Examples of Intermediate Intrinsic Back Muscles

– Erector spinae (group of three muscles)
• Spinalis thoracis (most medial of the three)
• Longissimus thoracis
• Iliocostalis lumborum (most lateral of the three)

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 Figure 10.10b Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Longissimus Semispinalis
capitis (cut) capitis
Spinalis cervicis
Splenius
Middle scalene
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Posterior
scalene Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus
cervicis

Semispinalis Iliocostalis
thoracis thoracis

Longissimus
thoracis

Spinalis
thoracis

Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum

Quadratus
lumborum Erector
spinae
muscles

Thoracodorsal
fascia

Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper

(left) muscles of the vertebral column
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 The Axial Musculature

• Examples of Deep Intrinsic Back Muscles

– Semispinalis
– Multifidus
– Rotatores
– Interspinales
– Intertransversarii

A&P Flix: Semispinalis capitis

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 Figure 10.10bc Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Longissimus Semispinalis
capitis (cut) capitis
Spinalis cervicis
Splenius
Middle scalene
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Posterior
scalene Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus
cervicis

Semispinalis Iliocostalis
thoracis thoracis

Longissimus
thoracis

Spinalis
thoracis

Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum

Intertransversarii
Quadratus
Erector Spinous process
lumborum
spinae of vertebra
muscles Rotatores thoracis
Interspinales

Thoracodorsal
fascia
Transverse
process of
vertebra

Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper Posterior view of the intervertebral
(left) muscles of the vertebral column muscles
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 The Axial Musculature

• Spinal Flexors
– Longus capitis
– Longus colli
• The above two muscles rotate or flex the neck
– Quadratus lumborum
• Flexes the vertebral column laterally

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 Figure 10.10d Muscles of the Vertebral Column

C1

Longus C2
capitis

C3
Longus
C4 colli
Slips of
C5 anterior
scalene
C6
Anterior
C7 scalene
Middle
Anterior T1 scalene
scalene Posterior
T2 scalene
Rib 1
T3
Rib 2

Muscles on the anterior surfaces of the cervical

and superior thoracic vertebrae
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 Figure 10.10b Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Longissimus Semispinalis
capitis (cut) capitis
Spinalis cervicis
Splenius
Middle scalene
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Posterior
scalene Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus
cervicis

Semispinalis Iliocostalis
thoracis thoracis

Longissimus
thoracis

Spinalis
thoracis

Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum

Quadratus
lumborum Erector
spinae
muscles

Thoracodorsal
fascia

Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper

(left) muscles of the vertebral column
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 The Axial Musculature

• Oblique and Rectus Muscles

– These muscles can be grouped in this manner:
• Cervical muscles
• Thoracic muscles
• Abdominal muscles

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 The Axial Musculature
• Oblique and Rectus Muscles
– Cervical oblique muscles
• Scalene muscles (anterior, middle, and posterior
scalenes)
• Elevate the ribs and also flex the neck

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 Figure 10.10d Muscles of the Vertebral Column

C1

Longus C2
capitis

C3
Longus
C4 colli
Slips of
C5 anterior
scalene
C6
Anterior
C7 scalene
Middle
Anterior T1 scalene
scalene Posterior
T2 scalene
Rib 1
T3
Rib 2

Muscles on the anterior surfaces of the cervical

and superior thoracic vertebrae
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 The Axial Musculature
• Oblique and Rectus Muscles
– Thoracic oblique muscles
• External intercostals: elevate the ribs
• Internal intercostals: depress the ribs
• Transversus thoracis: depresses the ribs
– Serratus posterior
• Superior serratus posterior: elevates ribs and enlarges
thoracic cavity
• Inferior serratus posterior: depresses ribs and opposes
diaphragm contraction thus decreasing thoracic size

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 Figure 11.4 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II (Part 1 of 2)

Levator scapulae
Pectoralis
Trapezius minor (cut)
Coracobrachialis
Subclavius

Pectoralis
major (cut and
reflected)

Pectoralis
minor Serratus
anterior
Internal
intercostals Short
head Biceps
Long brachii
External head
intercostals

T12

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 Figure 10.12b The Diaphragm
Xiphoid Inferior
process vena cava
Costal
Rectus cartilages
abdominus

Transversus External
thoracis oblique
Diaphragm
External
Central tendon of
intercostal
diaphragm
Esophagus
Serratus
anterior

Internal
intercostal
Latissimus
dorsi
Serratus posterior
(inferior)
Thoracic
aorta Erector spinae
T10 group
Trapezius Spinal
cord
Diagrammatic superior
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 Figure 11.2 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, and Back
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Cut edge of right trapezius
Splenius capitis
Trapezius Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Scapular spine
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Deltoid
Serratus posterior
Infraspinatus
(superior)
Teres minor

Rhomboid major
Teres major
(cut and reflected)
Triceps
brachii Serratus
anterior
Erector spinae
muscle group
(see Figure 10.10b) Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
Latissimus dorsi

Serratus posterior
(inferior)
Thoracolumbar fascia External oblique
External oblique Internal oblique
Iliac crest Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius (cut and reflected)

Gluteus maximus

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 The Axial Musculature
• Oblique and Rectus Muscles
– Abdominal oblique muscles
• External oblique: rotates the vertebral column
• Internal oblique: rotates the vertebral column
• Transversus abdominis: compresses the abdomen

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 Figure 11.5 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Trunk and Proximal Limbs
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Subclavius
Platysma
Deltoid (cut and reflected)

Pectoralis minor
Deltoid
Subscapularis

Pectoralis major Pectoralis major

(cut and reflected)
Coracobrachialis
Latissimus dorsi Biceps brachii
(short and
long heads)
Teres major
Serratus anterior
Serratus anterior

Internal intercostal
External intercostal

Internal oblique (cut)

External oblique External oblique
(cut and reflected)

Rectus sheath Rectus abdominis

Aponeurosis of Transversus abdominis

external oblique
Gluteus medius
Superficial
inguinal ring
Tensor fasciae latae
Iliopsoas

Pectineus
Adductor longus
Sartorius Gracilis

Rectus femoris

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 Figure 10.11b The Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Rectus Rectus
abdominis sheath

Linea alba

External Psoas
oblique L3 major
Transversus
abdominis
Quadratus
Internal
lumborum
oblique

Latissimus
Thoracolumbar dorsi
fascia

Diagrammatic horizontal section

through the abdominal region
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 The Axial Musculature
• Cervical Rectus Muscles
– Geniohyoid
– Omohyoid
– Sternohyoid
– Thyrohyoid

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 Figure 10.9a Anterior Muscles of the Neck

Mandible
Mylohyoid Mylohyoid
(cut and reflected)
Anterior Geniohyoid
belly
Digastric Stylohyoid
Posterior
belly Hyoid bone

Sternocleidomastoid Thyrohyoid
(cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Cricothyroid
Superior
belly Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Inferior
belly

Sternohyoid

Clavicle

Clavicular
Cut heads of
head
sternocleidomastoid Sternocleido-
Sternum mastoid
Sternal head

Anterior view of neck muscles

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 The Axial Musculature
• Thoracic Rectus Muscles
– Diaphragm muscle
• Expands the thoracic cavity for inhalation

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 Figure 10.12a The Diaphragm

Sternum
Xiphoid process

Central tendon Costal

of diaphragm cartilages

Inferior vena cava

in caval opening
Esophagus in
esophageal
hiatus
Impression for liver
Impression
for stomach

Medial arcuate Median arcuate

ligament ligament
crossing aorta
Lateral arcuate L2
ligament Left crus
L3
12th rib
Quadratus
Right crus L4 lumborum (cut)

Psoas major
(cut)

Diagrammatic inferior view

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 The Axial Musculature

• Abdominal Rectus Muscles

– Rectus abdominis
• Flexes the vertebral column
• Divided longitudinally by the linea alba
• Divided transversally by the tendinous inscriptions

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 Figure 10.11a The Oblique and Rectus Muscles

Serratus
anterior

Internal intercostal
External
oblique External intercostal

Tendinous External
inscription oblique (cut)

Rectus
abdominis
Internal
Linea oblique
alba
Cut edge of
rectus sheath

Anterior view of the trunk showing superficial and deep members of the
oblique and rectus groups, and the sectional plane shown in part (b)
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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Perineum and Pelvic

Diaphragm
– Main functions
• Support the organs of the pelvic cavity
• Flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx
• Control the movement of material through the urethra
and anus

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 The Axial Musculature

• The Perineum (pelvic floor)

– Divided into two triangles
• Urogenital triangle
• Anal triangle
– The two triangles are separated by:
• Superficial transverse perineal muscle

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 Figure 10.13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Testis

UROGENITAL
TRIANGLE
Urethra (connecting
segment removed)

Bulbospongiosus External urethral sphincter

Ischiocavernosus
No differences between
Superficial deep musculature in
transverse perineal male and female

Anus
External anal
sphincter Pubococcygeus

Iliococcygeus
Gluteus Pelvic
maximus Coccygeus diaphragm

ANAL
TRIANGLE
Inferior view, male

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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

– Superficial urogenital triangle area
• Superficial transverse perineal
• Ischiocavernosus
• Bulbospongiosus
– Superficial anal triangle area
• Superficial transverse perineal
• Gluteus maximus
• External anal sphincter

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 Figure 10.13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Testis

UROGENITAL
TRIANGLE
Urethra (connecting
segment removed)

Bulbospongiosus External urethral sphincter

Ischiocavernosus
No differences between
Superficial deep musculature in
transverse perineal male and female

Anus
External anal
sphincter Pubococcygeus

Iliococcygeus
Gluteus Pelvic
maximus Coccygeus diaphragm

ANAL
TRIANGLE
Inferior view, male

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 Figure 10.13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Urethra

External
urethral sphincter Urogenital
Deep transverse diaphragm
Ischiocavernosus perineal

Bulbospongiosus
Vagina Central tendon of perineum

Superficial Pubococcygeus
transverse Levator
perineal Iliococcygeus ani

Anus External anal

sphincter
Sacrotuberous
Gluteus ligament
maximus Coccygeus

Inferior view, female

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 The Axial Musculature

• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

– Deep urogenital triangle area
• Deep transverse perineal
– Deep anal triangle area
• Coccygeus
• Iliococcygeus
• Pubococcygeus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 10.13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Testis

UROGENITAL
TRIANGLE
Urethra (connecting
segment removed)

Bulbospongiosus External urethral sphincter

Ischiocavernosus
No differences between
Superficial deep musculature in
transverse perineal male and female

Anus
External anal
sphincter Pubococcygeus

Iliococcygeus
Gluteus Pelvic
maximus Coccygeus diaphragm

ANAL
TRIANGLE
Inferior view, male

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 Figure 10.13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

SUPERFICIAL DEEP
Urethra

External
urethral sphincter Urogenital
Deep transverse diaphragm
Ischiocavernosus perineal

Bulbospongiosus
Vagina Central tendon of perineum

Superficial Pubococcygeus
transverse Levator
perineal Iliococcygeus ani

Anus External anal

sphincter
Sacrotuberous
Gluteus ligament
maximus Coccygeus

Inferior view, female

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 Table 10.9 Muscles of the Perineum

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 Table 10.10 Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.