Unit-7: Router Algorithm

 Routing
 Static routing(Fixed path routing)

 Dynamic routing
 Routing protocols
 Distance vector routing protocols
 Link state routing protocols
 Interior Routing Protocol: OSPF
 Exterior Routing Protocol: BGP

 Flooding
 Shortest path routing

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 Routing
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 The term routing is used for taking a packet from one

device and sending it through the network to another
device on a different network.
 If a network has no routers then it should be
apparent that it has not routing.
 Router routes traffic to all the networks in
internetwork.

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 To be able to route packets, a router must know the

following:
 Destination address
 Neighbors router from which it can learn about remote
network
 The best route to each remote network
 How to maintain and verify routing information
 Different types of routing are :
 Static Routing

 Dynamic routing

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 Static Routing
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 Static routing occurs when you manually add routes in

each router’s routing table.
 The administrator is responsible for updating all changes
by hand into all routers.
 Static routing has the following advantages:
 There is no overhead on the router
 It adds the security because the administrator choose to allow
running access to certain networks only.
 Static Routing has the following disadvantages:
 The administrator must really understand the internetwork and how
each router is connected
 If a network is added to internetwork, the administrator has to add a
route to it on all routers by hand.
 It is not feasible in large networks
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 Dynamic Routing
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 In dynamic routing, a protocol on one router

communicates with the same protocol running on
neighbor routers. The routers then update each other
about all the networks they know about and then
place this information into the routing table.
 If a change occurs in the network, the dynamic
routing protocols automatically inform all routers
about the event.
 Dynamic routing is used when protocols are used to
find networks and update routing tables on routers.

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 Routing Protocols
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 A routing protocols defines the set of rules used by a

router when it communicates routing information
between neighbor routers.
 Generally , two classes of routing protocols are used
in internetwork.
1. Distance vector protocols
2. Link state protocols

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 Distance Vector protocols
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 The distance vector protocols find the best path to a

remote network by judging distance.
 Each time a packet goes through a router called Hop.
 The route with the least no of hops to the network is
determined to be the best route.
 The vector indicates the direction to the remote network.
 Both RIP(Routing Information Protocol) and
IGRP(Interior gateway routing protocol) are distance
vector routing protocols.
 They send the entire routing tables to directly connected
neighbors.

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 In above figure , four routers start off with only their

directly connected networks in their routing table.
 After a distance vector routing protocol is started on each
router, the routing tables are updated with all route
information gather from neighbor routers.
 Each router has only directly connected networks in each
routing table.
 Each router sends its complete routing table out to each
active interface.
 The routing table of each router includes the network
number, exit interface and hop count to the network.

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 Link state routing
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 Link state protocols are also called shortest path first

protocols.
 In link state, the routers each create three separate
tables. One of these tables keeps track of directly
attached neighbors, one determines the topology of
entire internetwork and the one is used as routing table.
 Link state routers know more about the internetwork
than any distance vector routing protocols.
 OSPF is an IP routing protocol that is completely link
state.
 Link state protocols send updates containing the state of
their own links to all the other routers on the network.

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 Interior gateway Routing Protocols(IGRP) and
Exterior gateway Routing protocols (EGRP)
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 Interior gateway protocols are used to exchange routing

information with routers in the same autonomous system
(AS).
 AS is a collection of networks under a common
administrative domain which basically means that all
routers sharing the same routing table information are in
same AS.
 OSPF is used within AS.
 EGPs are used to communicate between the Ases which
defines administrative boundary and routing policies.
 BGP(Border gateway protocols) are used between Ases.

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 OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)
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