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Harmonic Oscillations
The imaginary number i is defined by i 2 = -1.
Any complex number can be written as z = x + i y where x and y
are real numbers. x is called the real part of z ( symbolically, x = Re(z) )
and y is the imaginary part of z ( y = Im(z) ).
z1 z2 if and only if
Re(z1 ) Re( z2 ) and Im( z1 ) Im( z2 )
Addition and subtraction of complex numbers:
z1 + z2 = ( x1 + i y1 ) + (x2 + i y2 ) = (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2)
I.e. Re (z1 + z2) = Re (z1) + Re(z2) and Im (z1 + z2) = Im (z1) +
Im(z2).
Similarly for subtraction: z1 - z2 = (x1 - x2) + i (y1 - y2)
Geometrically, addition of
complex numbers corresponds to
vector addition in the complex
plane.
Multiplication of complex numbers:
z 1 z2 = ( x1 + i y1 )(x2 + i y2 )
= ( x1x2 + i x1y2 + i x2 y1 + i 2 y1y2 )
= (x1x2 - y1y2) +i (x1y2 + x2 y1)
Complex conjugate: z*/ x - i y.
That is, Re(z*) = Re(z), Im(z*) = - Im(z)
example: ( 2 + i 3)* = 2 - i 3
z x iy x2 y2 z*z
The magnitude of a complex number is its distance from the origin in the
complex plane
It is often useful to use a polar
representation of complex numbers.
The angle between a radial line and the
positive x-axis makes an angle called
the argument of z or the phase of z.
In symbols, 2 = arg(z)
examples: e i0
e
i 0
1, cos(0) i sin(0) 1 i 0 1
e i / 2 cos( / 2) i sin( / 2) 0 i i
e i cos( ) i sin( ) 1 i 0 1
Euler’s theorem and the basic properties of exponents can be used
to prove all trigonometric identities. For example
cos(2 ) i sin(2 ) e i 2
(e ) cos( ) i sin( )
i 2 2
z1 z2 z1 ei1 z 2
ei2 z1 z2 ei (1 2 )
So that