Bio Revision

Year 11
 Definition
• Asexual reproduction is the process resulting
in the production of genetically identical
offspring from one parent.
 Advantages of Asexual
Reproduction
• Only one parent is needed.
• It takes a very short period of time
• No Fertilization
• Identical characteristics to parents
• Asexual reproduction is more reliable because
there are less steps to follow so less can go
wrong.
 Disadvantages of Asexual
Reproduction
• Almost no chance of an evolution taking place.
• Identical to the parents, so diseases and bad
qualities are also passed down
• Struggle for light, space, nutrients and soil so
most plants will remain less healthy.
• Some plants produce side branches with
plantlets on them.
• The spider plant, Chlorophytum, does this.
• Other plants, such as strawberries, produce
runners with plantlets on them.
 Mitosis
This is the type of cell division that
happens in normal body cells.

It results in a cell splitting into two

identical cells. (daughter cells)

In some parts of a plant or animal it

happens rapidly all of the time – skin.
 Chromosomes
line up ready
for division.

Chromosomes
in nucleus are
copied.
Cell division
starts and
There are the same amount of chromosomes
Chromosomes here as there are start to
here separate.

2 identical
diploid
daughter cells
produced. Summary...
 Sexual reproduction
• Process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei
to form a diploid zygote and the production of
genetically dissimilar offspring.
Meiosis
This occurs in the sexual organs
(testes and ovaries) to produce
gametes.

The chromosome number is

reduced by half.

Each of the 4 gametes produced

are slightly different from each
other.
 Chromosomes are
copied by a cell in the
reproductive organs.

The cell divides into

two new cells

4 gametes
are
genetically
different. The cells divide to
There is produce 4 haploid
variation. daughter cells
(gametes)
Getting them to meet!
 Plant Parts
• Sepals – Protect the petals
• Petals – Attract insects
• Anthers – the male part of the plant
• Stigmas - the female part of the plant
• Ovaries – where the egg develops
 Flowers

• sepals,
• petals,
• anthers,
• stigmas
• ovaries

Figs. 30.7 & 38.2

 Pollination
• the transfer of pollen grains from the male
part of the plant (anther of stamen) to the
female part of the plant (stigma)
Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract insects
to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
nectar and a hooking onto
scent present insect fur

Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects

Sticky stigma
to collect pollen Brightly
coloured petals

Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects or by
wind

Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

 Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure because
they do not have to attract insects to them but do need to be
exposed to the wind.

Pollen grains are very Anthers are exposed to the

small and light. They wind so that pollen can
occur in very large easily be blown away
numbers

Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind

Petals are small

and green as there
No scent or nectary
is no need to attract
insects
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Seed Dispersal
 Why?
• Moving away so won’t
compete for

• Light
• Space
• Water

– Limiting factors!
 Seed parts

• Micropyle - where the pollen tube enters/d

• Radicle – First roots (and first overall part)
• Plumule – first shoot
• Cotyledon – first leaves
 Sexual Reproduction

• 2 Parents!
Male Parts
• Sperm from
the Testes
travel through
the sperm
duct to leave
through the
penis
Female parts
• Eggs are released
from the ovary
and travel down
the oviduct.
• Here they meet
sperm coming in
from the vagina
and the fertilized
egg implants in
the uterus
• The ½ DNA egg is fertilised by the ½ DNA
sperm to make a whole cell
• This embyro gestated and grows into the new
creature
Hormones cause
periods
 So...
• FSH, Oestrogen, LH
– again
• FSH, Oestrogen, LH
– again
• FSH, Oestrogen, LH
– again
• FSH, Oestrogen, LH
 FSH

• Makes an egg mature in ovaries

• And causes what to be released?

 Oestrogen

• Develops Lining of Uterus

• Blocks FSH and causes what to be

released?
 LH

• Blocks Releases Egg

–(because the linings there now)

• TA DA
And in pictures ...
 Artificial Control of Fertility

•So ... We want no baby

– therefore no egg
•So, no FSH
–So give Oestrogen
 Chemical methods
• Gives the
body extra
Oestrogen
 Artificial Control of Fertility

•Want Baby
–We need Egg
•So lots of FSH
Other methods of stopping fertilization
• Barriers

• Stop the sperm

reaching the egg
The Placenta
Provides nutrients to and removes waste
from the foetus
Blood
NEVER
mixes
Baby growth
 Amniotic fluid

• A water filled crash helmet!

 After Birth: Feeding
• Bottle milk is good …

• But breast milk is more

– Natural
– Cheaper
– Contains antibodies
Sexually Transmitted Disease - STD
• Gonorrhoea
– It burns when you pee
– Yellow puss comes out of your genitals
 HIV/AIDS
• Attacks the body’s defense cells

• It is spread through
– Sexual contact
– Non sterile needles
Growth vs Development

• Growth
Development
 Seeds do the same
• But they need the
right
– Temperature
– Amount of water
We grown and
develop because
of our GENES
 Going in
• Starting in a nucleus we can find a
chromosome

• We have 23 pairs
 Genes
• Genes make up a
bit of the
Chromosome
Alleles are different versions of the
same gene
 DNA
• The Actual Double helix which makes up the
Genes
 Sex Chromosomes

• The Y (Male)
chromosome is missing
bits)
 Key Terms
• genotype as genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the
alleles present (e.g. Tt or GG)

• phenotype as the physical or other features of an organism

due to both its genotype and its environment (e.g. tall plant
or green seed)

• dominant as an allele that is expressed if it is present (e.g. T

or G)

• recessive as an allele that is only expressed when there is

no dominant allele of the gene present (e.g. t or g)
• homozygous as having two identical alleles of
a particular gene (e.g. TT or gg). Two identical
homozygous individuals that breed together
will be pure-breeding ( HOMO = THE SAME)

• heterozygous as having two different alleles of

a particular gene (e.g. Tt or Gg), not
purebreeding (HETERO = DIFFERENT)
 Eye
• All the possible combinations
 Eye Colour Example

• Blue Eyes or
Brown Eyes

• You can have

homozygous (the
same) alleles
• Or Heterozygous
(different) alleles
So what children would they get?
• Brown Eyed Dad
• Blue Eyed Mum

• All babies have one of

each
• But as Brown is
dominant it will be the
eye colour
Two brown eyed people making blue
eyed babies?
• Brown eyed mum
(hetero)
• Brown eyed dad
(hetero)

• There is a chance
that the two
recessive genes
may meet and
make a blue eyed
baby
So we are all different
 Some difference are clear cut

• Being Male or Female?

• This is discontinuous variation

 But height there is an obvious link
• This is continuous
 Mutation
• Makes us
different

• Some can be
disadvantageous
Others could be good
Downs Syndrome
• An extra chromosome
causes downs
syndrome
Mutations cause changes and the best
changes win and are passed on
 It could happen…
• Naturally • Artificially
– Natural selection – Artificial selection
– The best wins – We pick the one to win
 Genetic Engineering
• More direct
– We take the genes that we want and put them
into the animal we want
 So plants make food (photosynthesis)
• And these are eaten by herbivores

• And these are eaten by carnivores

• Or omnivores (they eat everything)

It starts with the sun
But lots gets reflected
 And some is used up moving etc

• Lost as:
– Waste
– Growth
– Movement
– Heat … etc
 How can we get better returns?
• Plants
– Improve growth rate
– Increase size
– Make resistant to pests/competition
– Standardising size
– Use fertiliser and improve their uptake
 How Wheat has changed

• So this bit of Gladiator was wrong!

Energy goes in cycles
Water Cycle
 And when you have what you want

The numbers

gr ow
1. Grow slowly at the start (Lag Phase)
– There’s not many of them!
2. But then they get lots (Log Phase)
– Because they have what they need
3. And then it starts (Stationary Phase)
– But then there isn’t enough for any more
4. Then they die (Death Phase)
– If they make something that kills them
• This doesn’t always happen
Our population increase is causing problems
More people means more food
Fertilizers to add minerals
 Or even pesticides
• To kill bugs
 Food residues
• These can also be
eaten in food.
But fertilizers can cause problems

• EUTROPHICATION
• too much plant growth
• Plants die rot and decay
• decay uses up oxygen
Also pollution
Sulphur dioxide

• Causes acid rain

Carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases)

• Global Warming
– Melted ice caps
– Rising seas
So we should conserve our planet
• We may need it

• This tree makes a drug used to

fight cancer
• Wild wheat has been cross bread to help
when our wheat gets attacked by bugs
And that's it
Good Luck!