GENERAL EDUCATION – SOCIAL SCIENCES

Arceli B. Naraga, Ph.D.

Mindanao State University
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
HISTORY of the FILIPINO PEOPLE

• libertarian struggle of the Filipinos against

colonial rule: Spaniards, Americans and
Japanese
• even after independence, the influence of the
different colonial rulers is very prominent
• present Filipino is still searching for his real
identity
Pre-colonial Philippines

• Barangay - the socio-political unit

• Datu - chieftain
• Social classes: nobles, freeman and slaves
(Aliping namamahay and aliping sagui-guilid)
• archipelago was divided into barangays
• each barangay comprising of 40 – 100 families
Pre-colonial Philippines

• Contacts with other nations such as

Chinese, Indians and Malays

• Arab influenced Islam religion was brought

by the Malays
Hispanization of the Philippines

• Magellan led an expedition for Spain to

Mollucas by sailing west.
• Such expedition brought him to a group of
islands which they called Archipelago of
St. Lazaruz
Hispanization of the Philippines

• sailed to an islet south of Leyte where

they had the first mass on March 31,
1521
• celebrated by Fr. Pedro de Valderama.
Hispanization of the Philippines

• Magellan was killed on April 28 in the

Battle of Mactan by Chieftain Lapu-Lapu.

• His expedition paved the way for the

eventual colonization of the Philippines by
Spain.
Hispanization of the Philippines
• Other Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines:
– Loaysa Expedition (July 24, 1525-July 30,
1526) by Father Juan Garcia Jofre De Loaysa
with Juan Sebastian Elcano with 7 ships
– Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) by Sebastian
Cabot
– Saavedra Expedition (1527-1528) by Alvaro
de Saavedra
– LOCASA
Hispanization of the Philippines
• Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos
–reached Mindanao in February 1543
–He named the islands of Samar and
Leyte, “Felipinas” in honor of Prince
Phillip of Spain who later became King
Phillip II.
Hispanization of the Philippines

• In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

arrived to establish a permanent
settlement in the Philippine
Islands.
Hispanization of the Philippines
• Legazpi concluded blood compact with
Sikatuna, Chief of Bohol
• A treaty of friendship with Rajah Tupas of
Cebu
• First Spanish settlement: San Miguel was
established in Cebu
• renamed Santissimo Nombre de Jesus
Hispanization of the Philippines
• Further colonization was made in
Visayas and up north.
• Martin De Goite fortified Manila which
was under Sulayman, a Muslim
chieftain.
• In 1571, Legazpi established Manila as
the capital of the Philippines.
Political Changes
• Government was centralized.
• For 250 years, Philippines was
administered through the Council of
Indies (administrative organ) which
transmitted to the Governor General
of the Philippines the royal decree that
served as guide
Political Changes
• Provincial governments started with
encomiendas which were rewards
given to the Spaniards who helped in
the pacification of the country.
• Encomenderos were empowered to
collect taxes, protect and convert
natives to Catholicism.
Political Changes
• Due to abuses perpetrated by encomenderos,
the encomiendas were abolished and replaced
by a system of provincial governments:
– Alcaldias headed by Alcalde Mayores for
pacified areas
– Corregimientos headed by
Corregidors/Politico-military governor for
unpacified areas
Political Changes
–Cities were called Ayuntamiento
headed by the Alcalde
–Towns were called Pueblos headed
by Gobernadorcillo
–Barangays were retained and
headed by Cabezas de Barangay
Economic Policies
• Taxation
–as a tribute of 10 reales (about one
peso)
–abolished in 1884 and personal cedula,
was instituted for residents 18 years of
age and above
–Excessive taxes and most of which went
into pockets of officials.
Economic Policies
• Forced Labor
–male from 16 – 60 years were
required to render service to the
government for 40 days per year
–supposedly with daily allowances
and meager food ration
Economic Policies
• Encomienda System
–encomienda means a land granted to
deserving Spaniards who served the
government
–source of corruption of officials,
particularly in the sharing of produce
between encomienda, workers and
landowners
Economic Policies
• Galleon Trade or Manila – Acapulco Trade
–Doctrine of Mercantilism (monopoly of
goods from colonies)
–Philippines traded with Acapulco,
Mexico in the 16th century
–goods were shipped by the Spanish
galleons
Economic Policies
• Tobacco Monopoly
–100 years, Nueva Ecija, Cagayan Valley,
Marinduque were designated as
tobacco planting districts
–later Northern Luzon provinces
–mostly characterized by monopoly
that favored/benefited the Spaniards
Economic Policies

• Bandala System – required native

Filipino farmers to sell their goods to
the Spanish government
Religious Influence
• Christian religion was introduced replacing
the paganism
• Franciscans, Jesuits (1851), Dominicans
(1857) and Recollects (1606)
• introduced a highly church-oriented
literature - moro-moro, Doctrina Christiana
(1593) by Juan de Plasencia
Religious Influence
• Superstitious beliefs were utilized to hold
the natives to practice the new religion
such that folk Catholicism resulted.
• Education was controlled by friars.
• Religious orders found the first school and
colleges.
• University of Sto. Tomas was the first
university founded in 1611.
Powers of the Governor-General:
• King‘s official representative to the colony
• Issued superior decrees
• President of the Royal Audiencia - the
highest court on the colony
• Vice royal patron in the Philippines - he can
appoint minor officials and parish priests
Powers of the Governor-General:
• Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
• CUMPLASE – the right of the governor to
suspend the operation of a Royal Decree if
in his opinion the said order would not be
beneficial to the colony.
• The usual formula in exercising the right to
cumplase: ― “I obey but do not comply”.
Growth of Filipino Nationalism
• 19th century when national consciousness
developed
• sporadic uprisings started as early as 1574
by Lakandula (last Lakan of pre-colonial
Tondo) and followed by Sulayman
(southern half Pasig River) then by Magalat
(Cagayan) in 1596
Growth of Filipino Nationalism

• Revolts by Tamblot (babaylan from Bohol),

Bangkaw (Datu of Limasawa), Palaris (Juan
de la Cruz – Palaripar – fastest runner),
Dagohoy, Diego Silang (Ilocos) and many
others grew intensely about 200 years
later.
Growth of Filipino Nationalism
• Nationalism (devotion to or advocacy of national unity
and independence) developed due to the following
factors:
– opening of the Philippines to World Trade
– rise of the middle class
– racial prejudice
– Cavite mutiny and the execution of Gomez, Burgos,
and Zamora (GOMBURZA)
Propaganda Movement

• Campaign for reforms started with the

formation by the middle class
–Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H.
del Pilar, and Jose Rizal
Propaganda Movement
• aim of the movement was Assimilation or
making the Philippines a province of Spain and
• allowing the Filipinos to have a representative in
the Spanish law-making body, the Spanish
Cortes
• the movement failed to attain the reforms it
demanded
• their writings inspired and opened the minds of
the Filipinos
The KKK
– Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan or
KKK (Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) on July 7,
1892.
– Radical platform: to secure independence
and freedom of the Philippines by force
– the society remained secret until Teodoro
Patinio exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil
on August 19, 1896
The KKK

–at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896,

the Katipuneros tore up their
cedulas shouting ― “Long Live the
Philippines” thus making the so-
called ―Cry of Pugad Lawin”
Pen names of Propaganda Movement and KKK
Leaders:
• Dr. Jose Rizal : Dimasalang at Laong Laan
• Marcelo del Pilar : Plaridel at Dolores Manapat
• Graciano Lopez-Jeana : Diego Laura
• Mariano Ponce : Tikbalang, Naning at Kalipulako
• Antonio Luna : Taga-ilog
• Jose Maria Panganiban : Jomapa
Pen names of Propaganda Movement and KKK
Leaders:
• Emilio Jacinto : Dimasilaw, Pingkian
• Andres Bonfacio : Agapito Bagumbayan, May Pag-asa
• Pio Valenzuela : Madlang-awa
• Apolinario Mabini : Bini, Paralitico
• Juan Luna : Buan
• Emilio Aguinaldo : Magdalo
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events

• July 7, 1892 - Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz,

Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano
and a few others founded the Katipunan
(Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK) on a radical
platform: to secure independence and freedom
of the Philippines by force.
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events

• August 19, 1896 – the Spanish

authorities discovered the Katipunan
when Teodoro Patińo exposed what he
knew to Fr. Mariano Gil.
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events
• August 23, 1896 – in the yard of Juan
Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino, the
Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting
―”Long Live the Philippines” thus making
the so-called ―Cry of Pugad Lawin”
• officially started the Philippine revolution
against Spain
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events

• August 30, 1896 – Governor-General

Ramon Blanco issued a decree declaring
the provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and
Nueva Ecija (MACALABA BUPATANE) in a
state of war and placing them under
martial law.
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events

• December 30, 1896 – Jose Rizal was

executed at the old Bagumbayan Field
(Rizal Park today).
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events
• March 22, 1897 - the Tejeros Convention
– Magdalo faction under Baldomero
Aguinaldo
– Magdiwang factionunder Mariano Alvarez
– convene in Tejeros (now part of Gen.
Trias) to settle their differences and to
establish a new government that would
replace the Katipunan
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events
–Elected officers where:
• Emilio Aguinaldo (President)
• Mariano Trias (Vice President)
• Artemio Ricarte (Captain-General)
• Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director of War)
• Andres Bonifacio (Director of the
Interior)
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events

• May 10, 1897 – Andres Bonifacio and his

brother Procopio were executed after
being found guilty of treason and sedition
by a military court.
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events
• November 1, 1897 – signing of Biak-na-Bato
Constitution
• prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho,
who copied, almost word for word the Cuban
constitution
• established the Biak-na-Bato Republic under
Emilio Aguinaldo as the President
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events
• December 15, 1897 - Pact of Biak-na-Bato
signed
• ceasefire between the Spanish colonial
Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and
the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo
• Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender
• other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty
and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish
government in return for which the rebel
government agreed to go into exile in Hong
Kong.
Spanish – American War
• April 25, 1898 - the United States declared war on
Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in
Havana harbor on February 15, 1898.
• May 1, 1898 - George Dewey led a U.S. naval squadron
into Manila Bay in the Philippines and destroyed the
anchored Spanish fleet in a leisurely morning
engagement that cost only seven American seamen
wounded.
– Manila itself was occupied by U.S. troops by August.
Spanish – American War
• May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo arrived in the Philippines
and continued the Filipinos‘ fight against the
Spaniards.
• June 12, 1898 - Between 4 and 5 in the afternoon,
Aguinaldo, in the presence of a huge crowd,
proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in
Kawit, Cavite.
Spanish – American War
– The Philippine National Flag made in Hongkong by
Marcela Agoncillo was officially hoisted for the first
time and the Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine
National March) composed by Julian Felipe was
played.
– The Act of the Declaration of Independence which
was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista was
also read.
Spanish – American War
• December 10, 1898 - the Spanish-American War ended
with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It established
the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and
Guam to the United States, and allowed the victorious
power to purchase the Philippine Islands from Spain for
$20 million.
• December 11, 1898 - US President McKinley
proclaimed the policy ―Benevolent Assimilation -
emphasized the Filipino should be trained for self-
government
American Military-Governors in the Philippines

• Wesley Merritt ( August 14, 1898 – August 28, 1898)

• Elwell S. Otis ( August 28, 1898 – May 5, 1900)

• Arthur McArthur, Jr. ( May 5, 1900 – July 4, 1901

The First Philippine Republic
• September 15, 1898 – the Malolos Congress convened
in Barasoain Church and Pedro Paterno was elected as
its president.
• January 22, 1899 – the Malolos Constitution drafted
by a committee headed by Felipe Calderon was
proclaimed transforming the government into what is
known today as the First Philippine Republic
The First Philippine Republic

• January 23, 1899 – inauguration of the First Philippine

Republic popularly known as the Malolos Republic
amidst colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain Church,
Malolos, Bulacan with Aguinaldo as its president.
EMILIO AGUINALDO: 1st Phil. Republic President
The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902
• On February 4, 1899, an American soldier, Private
William Grayson, shot a Filipino soldier at the bridge of
San Juan, Manila. This marked the beginning of the
Philippine-American War, which lasted for three years
and resulted in the death of over 4,200 Americans and
over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000
Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and
disease.
The Capture of Aguinaldo
• On March 23, 1901, carrying the order of General
Arthur McArthur, General Frederick Funston and his
troops captured Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela, with
the help of some Filipinos called the Macabebe Scouts
who had joined the Americans' side.
• The Americans pretended to be captives of the Scouts,
who were dressed in Philippine Army uniforms. Once
Funston and his "captors" entered Aguinaldo's camp,
they immediately fell upon the guards and quickly
overwhelmed them and the weary Aguinaldo.
The Capture of Aguinaldo

• On April 1, 1901, at the Malacañan Palace in Manila,

Aguinaldo swore an oath accepting the authority of
the United States over the Philippines and pledging his
allegiance to the American government.
• On April 19, he issued a Proclamation of Formal
Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to
lay down their weapons and give up the fight.
Continuous Resistance Against the Americans
• General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the
Filipino war against the Americans.
• An all-out offensive was launched against the American-
held towns in Batangas region.
• General Vicente Lukbán continued the fight in Samar, and
other army officers, continued the war in their respective
areas.
• On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt officially
declared an end to the Philippine-American War after the
surrender of Malvar and other Filipino leaders.
MALVAR LUKBAN SAKAY
Macario Sakay and the Republika ng Katagalugan
• On May 6, 1903, Macario Sakay issued out his first
manifesto establishing the Republika ng Katagalugan -
a government on Mount San Cristobal in Laguna
province.
• The codes of this government would follow closely the
laws and regulations set forth by Bonifacio and
Jacinto‘s Kartilya ng Katipunan.
• He was captured and sentenced to death on
September 13, 1907.
American Policy in the Philippines

• On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed

the First Philippine Commission (the Schurman
Commission), a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob
Schurman, president of Cornell University, and
including Admiral Dewey and General Otis, to
investigate conditions in the islands and make
recommendations.
American Policy in the Philippines
• In the report issued to the president, the commissioners
acknowledged:
– Filipino aspirations for independence
– but the Philippines was not ready for it
– establishment of civilian government as rapidly as
possible
– establishment of a bicameral legislature
– autonomous governments on the provincial and
municipal levels
– a system of free public elementary schools
American Policy in the Philippines
• The Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission),
appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, headed by
William Howard Taft, was granted legislative as well as
limited executive powers.
• Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued
499 laws.
• A judicial system was established, including a Supreme
Court, and a legal code was drawn up to replace
antiquated Spanish ordinances.
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT: First American Gov. Gen.
American Policy in the Philippines
• A civil service was organized.
• In July 1901 the Philippine Constabulary was organized
as an archipelago-wide police force to control
brigandage and deal with the remnants of the
insurgent movement.
• When Military rule was terminated on July 4, 1901, the
Philippine Constabulary gradually took over from
United States army units the responsibility for
suppressing guerrilla and bandit activities.
American Policy in the Philippines

• Civil government was established by the Americans in

1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American
Governor-General of the Philippines.
• English was declared the official language.
• Six hundred American teachers were imported aboard
the USS Thomas.
American Policy in the Philippines
• Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 -stipulated that a
legislature would be established composed of:
– Lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which would
be popularly elected, and
– Upper house consisting of the Philippine
Commission, which was to be appointed by the
president of the United States
American Policy in the Philippines
• The act also provided for extending the United States’
Bill of Rights to Filipinos
• Sending two Filipino resident commissioners to
Washington to attend sessions of the United States
Congress
• In July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were
held, and it opened its first session on October 16,
1907.
American Policy in the Philippines

• Sergio Osmena, Sr. was elected Speaker and

• Manuel L. Quezon as the Majority Floor Leader.
• Cooper Act of 1902 - proposed the creation and
administration of a civil government in the Philippines;
President Theodore Roosevelt signed it into law in July
2, 1902
SERGIO OSMENA MANUEL L. QUEZON
American Policy in the Philippines: Jones Law
• new organic act (or Constitution)
• ultimate independence of the Philippines
would be American policy, subject to the
establishment of a stable government
• executive power in the Governor General of the
Philippines, appointed by the President of the
United States
American Policy in the Philippines

• established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to

replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower
house) and appointive Philippine Commission
(upper house) previously in place
• House of Representatives was purely elected
• Philippine Senate had majority of its members
elected by senatorial district with senators
representing non-Christian areas appointed by
the Governor-General
American Policy in the Philippines
• Hare-Hawes Cutting Act (1932) provided for complete
independence of the islands in 1945 after 10 years of
self-government under U.S. supervision
• Manuel L. Quezon, the leader of the Nationalist party,
opposed it, partially because of its threat of American
tariffs against Philippine products
• principally because of the provisions leaving naval
bases in U.S. hands
• under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected
the bill
American Policy in the Philippines
• Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act (1934) closely
looked like the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
• struck the provisions for American bases and
carried a promise of further study to correct
―imperfections or inequalities
• the Philippine legislature approved the bill; a
constitution, approved by President Roosevelt
(March, 1935) was accepted by the Philippine
people in a vote by the electorate
American Policy in the Philippines
• On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly
created office of President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines was won
by Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista Party) and
a Filipino government was formed on the
basis of principles apparently similar to the
US Constitution
American Policy in the Philippines
• Quezon was inaugurated on November 15, 1935
• Commonwealth was formally established in
1935
• featured a very strong executive, a unicameral
National Assembly
• Supreme Court composed entirely of Filipinos
for the first time since 1901
American Policy in the Philippines

• The new government embarked on an ambitious

agenda of establishing the basis for national defense,
greater control over the economy, reforms in
education, improvement of transport, the colonization
of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion of local
capital and industrialization.
CAYETANO P. ARELLANO: FIRST CHIEF JUSTICE
American Policy in the Philippines
• The Commonwealth however, was also faced with
agrarian unrest, an uncertain diplomatic and military
situation in South East Asia, and uncertainty about the
level of United States commitment to the future
Republic of the Philippines.
• In 1939-40, the Philippine Constitution was revised to
restore a bicameral Congress, and permit the
reelection of President Quezon, previously restricted
to a single, six-year term.
• Quezon was reelected in November 1941.
American Policy in the Philippines
• To develop defensive forces against possible
aggression, Gen. Douglas McArthur was brought to the
islands as military adviser in 1935, and the following
year he became field marshal of the Commonwealth
army.
• During the Commonwealth years, Philippines sent one
elected Resident Commissioner to the United States
House of Representatives
Japanese Occupation
• On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor,
the US naval base in Hawaii.
• On the same day, they attacked Baguio, Pampanga,
Manila and other parts of the Philippines.
• On December 8, the US Congress declared war against
Japan - marked start of World War II in the Pacific.
• General McArthur declared Manila as an Open City to
avoid further destruction.
PEARL HARBOR BOMBING
Japanese Occupation

• Japan successfully occupied the Philippines after fall of

Bataan on April 9, 1942 and Corregidor on May 6 the
same year.
• Approximately 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners
of war were forced to make an arduous 65-mile Death
March.
• A total of 1,000 Americans and 9,000 Filipinos died.
DEATH MARCH
Japanese Occupation
• On October 14, 1943, the Japanese Sponsored
Philippine Republic was proclaimed with Jose P. Laurel
as President.
• From 1942 – 1944, the Filipino experienced brutally in
the hands of the Japanese until the return of Gen.
Douglas Mc Arthur, Japan finally surrendered after the
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9,
1945) were destroyed by atomic bombs.
JOSE P. LAUREL: PRESIDENT, JAPANESE
SPONSORED REPUBLIC
Japanese Occupation
• Commonwealth government was reestablished with
Sergio Osmeña as president because Quezon died in
New York in 1944.
• In April 23,1946, Manuel A. Roxas won the presidency.
As president of the Commonwealth, he continued in
office as first president of the Philippines
• Third Philippine Republic - after the proclamation of
Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.
• Bell Trade Act of 1946 – Provided for free trade between
the Philippines and the United States from January 1,
1946 to July 3, 1954
Postwar Administration

• President Manuel Roxas - worked for the

reconstruction and rehabilitation of the war-damaged
country
• problem was compounded by the subversive activities
of the Huks (formerly a guerilla movement)
• died without finishing his term
MANUEL A. ROXAS
Postwar Administration
• President Elpidio Quirino - minimized the Huk
problem with the help of Defense Secretary Ramon
Magsaysay

• established (LASEDECO - Law Settlement and

Development Corporation) for landless farmers and
Huk surrenderees
ELPIDIO QUIRINO
Postwar Administration

• President Ramon Magsaysay - man of the Masses

• promised to give common tao justice
• established the NARRA (National Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Administration) to continue the
resettlement program of previous administration
RAMON MAGSAYSAY
Postwar Administration

• President Carlos Garcia - famous of his ―Filipino First

Policy and Austerity Program
CARLOS P. GARCIA
Postwar Administration

• President Diosdado Macapagal – the agrarian reform

law, agricultural land, reformed code was signed by
him
• provided for the abolition of tenancy
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Postwar Administration
• President Ferdinand Marcos - promised to make this
country great again ruled for 20 years during which
time he:
• worked for the changing of 1934 Constitution and
result was the Constitution of 1973 providing for a
parliamentary government
• declared Martial Law in 1972
• abolished congress upon the declaration of martial Law
• the latter part of his regime was popularly known as
dictatorship
FERDINAND MARCOS
Postwar Administration

• Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983 which

generated protest and demonstration that culminated
in the EDSA Revolution
• People‘s Power put an end for 20 years rule of
Ferdinand Marcos
• Corazon Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino assumed
presidency in February 25, 1986
BENIGNO AQUINO
Postwar Administration
• President Corazon C. Aquino - First woman President
of the Philippines
• restored democracy by:
o holding elections for congress and local
government
o framed and ratified Constitution of 1987
o restored freedom of the press and speech
o released political prisoners
• worked for economic recovery
CORAZON AQUINO
Postwar Administration

• President Fidel V. Ramos - Known for his Philippines

2000 which meant to make the Philippines an
economically developed country
FIDEL V. RAMOS
Postwar Administration

• President Joseph Estrada - was pro-poor but was

overthrown in an EDSA II People Power Revolution in
2001 due to plunder
JOSEPH ESTRADA
Postwar Administration

• President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo - Took over

Government after EDSA II and was reelected in the
2004 Presidential election.
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
Postwar Administration

• President Benigno Aquino III - known for his Tuwid na

Daan Program.
BENIGNO AQUINO III
Postwar Administration

• President Rodrigo R. Duterte – 16th President of the

Republic ; Change is Coming; Change is Starting;
Change is Here; Partners for Change.
RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE