Power Control

Module Objectives

After completing this module, the participant should be able to describe, discuss
and analyze:

•Principles of LTE PC
•UL open loop PC part
•DL power settings
•PSD
•PC impacts on network performance

PSD: Power Spectral Density

Module Contents
•Overview
•UL-PC: PUSCH
•UL-PC: PUCCH
•DL-PC
Module Contents
•Overview
•UL-PC: PUSCH
•UL-PC: PUCCH
•DL-PC
Overview
Objective
Improve cell edge behavior, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption.
Downlink (DL)
DL ‘Semi-static’ Power Setting
eNodeB gives fixed power density per PRB scheduled for transport.
Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled
No adaptive/dynamic power control
(O&M parameter) Cell Power Reduction level [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB steps

DL Power Control on PDCCH* dlCellPwrRed

Reduction of DL Tx power;
deducted from max. antenna TX
power.
LNCEL; 0..20; 0.1; 0 dB
Uplink (UL)
Slow Uplink Power Control
- Combination of open loop PC and closed loop PC
- Open Loop Power Control (OLPC)
•Calculated at the UE based on pathloss measurements
- Closed Loop Power Control (CLPC)*
•Based on exchange of feedback data and commands between UE and eNodeB
•SW-licensed enhancement (can be switched on and off)

* see “LTE Radio Parameters 2”

UL-PC: Overview

LTE: orthogonal UL Tx, i.e. near-far-problem much less severe than WCDMA 
• UL: dynamic, slow PC – Open Loop (OL) & Closed Loop (CL)
• need for PL / shadowing etc. compensation  OL PC
• need for correction/ adjustments of e.g. open loop inaccuracies  CL PC
Signal strength S:
Depends on PL, indoor loss etc.,
i.e. location

Low
Ve
ry
lo
w
High

Interference (I)
Very
- main cause: inter-cell
high

Noise (N) = kB T f + NFeNB

Power control does not control the absolute UE Tx power but the Power Spectral Density
(PSD), power per Hz, for a device. The PSDs at the eNodeB from different users have to
be close to each other so the receiver doesn’t work over a large range of powers.
Different data rates mean different Tx bandwidths so the absolute Tx power of the UE will
also change. PC makes that the PSD is constant independently of the Tx bandwidth.
Overview
Procedure for Slow UL Power Control
- UE controls the Tx power to keep the transmitted power spectral density (PSD)
constant independent of the allocated transmit bandwidth (#PRBs)

- If no feedback from eNodeB ( in the PDCCH UL PC command) the UE performs open loop
PC based on path loss measurements

- If feedback from eNodeB the UE corrects the PSD when receiving PC commands from
eNodeB ( in the PDCCH UL PC command)
- PC commands (up and down) based on UL quality and signal level measurements

- Applied separately for PUSCH, PUCCH

- Scope of UL PC is UE level ( performed separately for each UE in a cell)
Module Contents
•Overview
•UL-PC: PUSCH
•UL-PC: PUCCH
•DL-PC
UL-PC: PUSCH Open Loop (OL) Closed Loop (CL)

PPUSCH (i )  min {PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}  dBm 

PH (i )  PCMAX   10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_PUSCH( j )    PL   TF (i)  f (i )   dB

PPUSCH (i) :PUSCH Power in subframe i

PCMAX: max. allowed UE power (23 dBm for class 3)
MPUSCH: number of scheduled RBs (The UE Tx. Power increases proportionally to # of PRBs)
PO_PUSCH(j) = PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(j) + PO_UE_PUSCH(j)
PL: pathloss [dB] = referenceSignalPower – higher layer filtered RSRP
TF (i) = 10 log 10 (2MPR Ks – 1) for Ks = 1.25 else 0, MPR = TBS/NRE, NRE : number of RE
Ks defined by deltaMCS-Enabled, UE specific
f(i): TPC (Closed Loop adjustment)
Semi-persistent: j=0 / dynamic scheduling: j=1
PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(0,1): cell specific (SysInfo)
PO_UE_PUSCH(0,1): UE specific (RRC)
 (0,1) = 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 (partial PL compensation by open loop)
Random access grant: j=2
PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(2): PO_PRE + Preamble_Msg3 PO_UE_PUSCH(2) = 0
 (2) = 1.0 (i.e. full PL compensation)
*PH = Power Headroom
Open Loop PC vs. Closed Loop PC
Open Loop Power Control
Target: provide a basic operating point for a suitable PSD for an average
MCS (average SINR):
Basic _ Operating _ Po int  PO_PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL

• Open Loop Power Control takes into account effects like inter-cell
interference and shadowing
• Based on PL (Pathloss)

Closed Loop Power Control

f(i) adjustments
Target: Fine tuning around the basic operating point
• Adapt dynamically to the channel conditions (take into account e.g. fast

fading)
• Correct the estimations of power from the open loop PC

PSD: Power Spectral Density

Open Loop PC
PPUSCH (i )  min {PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}  dBm 

PO_PUSCH(j) = PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(j) + PO_UE_PUSCH(j)

j=0 -> PUSCH transmission with semi-persistent grant (not in FL16)

j=1 -> PUSCH transmission with dynamic scheduling
j=2 -> PUSCH transmission for random access grant

PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH(j) -> cell specific component signaled from system information for j=0, 1
This term is a common power level for all mobiles in the cell (used to control SINR)
p0NomPusch
Nominal Power for UE PUSCH Tx
Power Calculation
LNCEL; -126..24dbm; 1; -80 dBm

PO_UE_PUSCH(j) -> UE specific component provided by higher layers (RRC) for j=0,1
This term is a UE specific offset used to correct the errors from the estimation of the pathloss.

p0NomPusch - This parameter defines the UE-specific nominal power for the PUSCH. Used for P0_PUSCH calculation in
UE uplink power control equation (P1) for controlling the mean received SNR for user data during (re)transmission
corresponding to a received PDCCH with DCI format 0 associated with a new packet transmission. This parameter is used
to control mean received SNR for user data.
PUSCH Formula

PPUSCH (i )  min {PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}  dBm 

PL: pathloss [dB] = referenceSignalPower –

higher layer filtered RSRP

This path loss compensation factor a is adjustable by

O&M. α is a cell - specific parameter (broadcasted on
Alpha BCH).

α  [0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]

α = 0 , no compensation
α = 1 , full compensation
ulpcAlpha α ≠ { 0 ,1 } , fractional compensation
LNCEL; 0, 0.4..1.0; 0.1; 1.0
Conventional & Fractional PC
• Conventional PC schemes:
• Attempt to maintain a constant SINR at the receiver
• UE increases the Tx power to fully compensate for increases in the path loss
- Fractional PC schemes:
• Allow the received SINR to decrease as the path loss increases.
• UE Tx power increases at a reduced rate as the path loss increases. Increases in
path loss are only partially compensated.
• [+]: Improve air interface efficiency & increase average cell throughputs by reducing
Inter-cell interference
- 3GPP specifies fractional power control for the PUSCH with the option to disable it &
revert to conventional based on α
UL
SINR UL Fractional Power
SINR Control: α ≠ { 0 ,1}
Conventional Power If Path Loss
Control: α=1 UE Tx increases by 10 dB
Power UE Tx
If Path Loss increases Power the UE Tx power
by 10 dB the UE Tx increases by < 10
power increases by 10 dB
dB
MCS dependent component

PPUSCH (i )  min {PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}  dBm 

 TF (i )  10 log10 (2 MPRK s  1) for K S  1.25

deltaTfEnabled
Enabled TB size (MCS) impact to
0 Otherwise UE PUSCH power calculation
LNCEL; false 0, true 1- false

MPR = TBS/NRE with NRE : number of RE, TBS = Transport Block Size

• TF = Transport Format
• Ks - Enabling/disabling of the transport format dependent offset on a per UE basis
• If this parameter is enabled, PUSCH power calculation in UE uplink power control
equation takes the Transport Block size in account during the power calculation
• Could be seen as dynamic offset of the TX power: when the BTS changes the
MCS for the UE then the UE indirectly may adapt the power
• Increase the power if the Transport Format (MCS, TBS size, Number of Resource
Blocks) it is so selected to increase the number of bits per Resource Element
Module Contents
•Overview
•UL-PC: PUSCH
•UL-PC: PUCCH
•DL-PC
UL-PC: PUCCH
PPUCCH (i)  min{ PMAX , P0_PUCCH  PL  h(nCQI , nHARQ )   F_PUCCH( F )  g (i )}  dBm
PPUCCH: PUCCH Power in subframe i
Pmax: max. allowed power p0NomPucch
Nominal Power for UE
P0_PUCCH = P0_NOMINAL_PUCCH + P0_UE_PUCCH PUCCH Tx Power Calculation
LNCEL; -127..-96; 1; --116dB
P0_NOMINAL_PUCCH : cell specific (SysInfo)
P0_UE_PUCCH : UE specific (RRC)
PL: pathloss [dB] = referenceSignalPower – higher layer filtered RSRP * For PUCCH higher degree of
orthogonality could be assumed
H(nCQI, nHARQ ) due to the usage of the orthogonal
codes so alpha=1 (full
• PUCCH format 1, 1a, 1b: h(n) = 0 compensation)
• PUCCH format 2, 2a, 2b and :
h(n) = 0 if nCQI < 4
h(n) = 10log10 (nCQI/4) otherwise
(here: normal CP, for extended CP also nHARQ to be considered, n:number of information bits )

 F_PUCCH (F) : dFListPUCCH

Compensation Factor for different
(see next slide) PUCCH formats
For example if format 1a (1ACK) is
having offset 0 then format 1b
g(i): TPC (closed loop adjustment) (2ACK) could have offset 3dB
deltaFListPUCCH Parameters

Name Object Abbreviation Range Description Default

DeltaF PUCCH LNCEL dFListPucch n/a dFListPucch: SEQUENCE (see values n/a
List below)
DeltaF PUCCH LNCEL dFpucchF1 -2, 0, 2 dB Used to define the PUCCH format 1 0 dB
Format 1
DeltaF PUCCH LNCEL dFpucchF1b 1, 3, 5 dB Used to define the PUCCH format 1b 1 dB
Format 1b
DeltaF PUCCH LNCEL dFpucchF2 -2, 0, 1, 2 Used to define the PUCCH format 2 0 dB
Format 2 dB
DeltaF PUCCH LNCEL dFpucchF2a -2, 0, 2 dB Used to define the PUCCH format 2a 0 dB
Format 2a
DeltaF PUCCH LNCEL dFpucchF2b -2, 0, 2 dB Used to define the PUCCH format 2b 0 dB
Format 2b
UL Power and Quality Measurements
• SINR measurements
- M8005C90/C91/C92: Min/Max/Mean SINR on PUCCH
- M8005C93/C94/C95: Min/Max/Mean SINR on PUSCH
- M8005C96..C117: SINR histogram for PUCCH
- M8005C118..C139: SINR histogram for PUSCH
- The histograms work as follows
1.st counter: Number of measurements with SINR < -10 dB
2.nd counter: Number of measurements with SINR from -10 to -8 dB
3.rd counter: Number of measurements with SINR from -8 to -6 dB
Continue with steps of 2 dB
Last counter: Number of measurements with SINR > 30 dB

Max

Mean

Min
UL Power and Quality Measurements
• RSSI measurements
- M8005C0/C1/C2: Min/Max/Mean RSSI on PUCCH
- M8005C3/C4/C5: Min/Max/Mean RSSI on PUSCH
- M8005C6..C27: RSSI histogram for PUCCH
- M8005C28..C49: RSSI histogram for PUSCH
- The histograms work as follows
1.st counter: Number of measurements with RSSI < -120 dBm
2.nd counter: Number of measurements with RSSI from -120 to -118 dBm
3.rd counter: Number of measurements with RSSI from -118 to -116 dBm
Continue with steps of 2 dB
Last counter: Number of measurements with RSSI > -80 dBm

Max

Mean

Min
UL Power and Quality Measurements
• Interference to thermal noise measurements FDD only
- These measurements provide the 50 percentile value of the uplink Interference Power over
Thermal (IoT) Noise Power for the PUSCH Resource Block (RB) with distribution bins 0-8.

- M8005C317..C325: UL Interference over thermal noise for PUCSH

To increase the granularity, the counter is reported in 10* dB units. Unit: 1.0E-1 dB

dB

PRB Bandwidth
UL Power and Quality Measurements
• Distribution of SIR for PRBs of PUSCH FDD only
- These measurements provide the number of in-use PUSCH Resource Blocks (PRB) having an
average Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) value X

- M8005C326..C335: UL Distribution of SIR for PRBs of PUSCH bins 0 - 9

dB

PRB Bandwidth
UL Power and Quality Measurements
• Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP) measurements FDD only
- These measurement are updated by accumulating the RTWP in milliwatts for Rx antenna 1-8
from every sample period and calculating the average at the end of the collection interval.
To increase the granularity, the counter is reported in 10* dBm units.

- M8005C306..C313: UL Interference over thermal noise for PUCSH

To increase the granularity, the counter is reported in 10* dB units. Unit: 1.0E-1 dB

Max RTWP M8005C314 - This measurement provides the maximum Received Total Wideband
Power (RTWP) at the end of collection interval.

dB

M8005C306..C313
UL Power and Quality KPIs
LTE_5541b E-UTRAN Average SINR for PUCCH FDD
Shows the Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) for physical UL control channel
(PUCCH), measured in the eNodeB in dBm.

Summarization Summarization formula

Logical formula formula (PI ID) (Abbreviation)
AVG SINR PUCCH = average of Avg ([M8005C92]) Avg ([SINR_PUCCH_AVG])
measured SINR values for
PUCCH
UL Power and Quality KPIs
LTE_5544b E-UTRAN Average SINR for PUSCH
Shows the Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) for physical UL shared channel
(PUSCH), measured in the eNodeB in dBm.

Summarization Summarization formula

Logical formula formula (PI ID) (Abbreviation)
AVG SINR PUSCH = average of Avg ([M8005C95]) Avg [SINR_PUSCH_AVG])
measured SINR values for
PUSCH
UL Power and Quality KPIs
UL Power and Quality KPIs
LTE_5441b E-UTRAN Average RSSI for PUCCH
Shows the average Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for physical UL control
channel (PUCCH), measured in the eNodeB in dBm.

Summarization Summarization formula

Logical formula formula (PI ID) (Abbreviation)
AVG RSSI PUCCH = average of Avg ([M8005C2]) Avg ([RSSI_PUCCH_AVG])
measured RSSI values for
PUCCH
UL Power and Quality KPIs
LTE_5444b E-UTRAN Average RSSI for PUSCH
Shows the average Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for physical UL shared
channel (PUSCH), measured in the eNodeB in dBm.

Summarization Summarization formula

Logical formula formula (PI ID) (Abbreviation)
AVG RSSI PUSCH = average of Avg ([M8005C5]) Avg [RSSI_PUSCH_AVG])
measured RSSI values for
PUSCH
UL Power and Quality KPIs
Module Contents
•Overview
•UL-PC: PUSCH
•UL-PC: PUCCH
•DL-PC
DL-PC dlCellPwrRed
Reduction of DL Tx power; deducted
Semi-static cell power reduction from max. antenna TX power.
LNCEL; 0..20; 0.1; 0 dB
• based on single parameter CELL_PWR_RED = 0.0, 0.1 … 20.0 dB
•  cell size adjustment and coverage control pMax
Maximum output power
• flat Power Spectral Density (PSD) LNCEL; 10.0 (100), 37.0 (370), 39.0
• semi-static MIMO_COMP (if enabled) (390), 40.0 (400), 41.8 (418), 43.0
(430), 44.0 (440), 44.8 (448), 46.0
RL30: LTE430: DL power boosting for control channels (PCFICH, PHICH, DL RS*) (460), 47.8 (478), 49.0 (490) dBm;-
RL70: LTE1894 Reference signal power de-boosting* 10.0 dBm = 10 mW
37.0 dBm = 5 W
39.0 dBm = 8 W
* see “LTE Radio Parameters 2”
40.0 dBm = 10 W
41.8 dBm = 15 W
PSD PSD 43.0 dBm = 20 W
44.8 dBm = 30 W
46.0 dBm = 40 W
47.8 dBm = 60 W
49.0 dBm = 80 W

PSD = (Max_TX_Pwr – CELL_PWR_RED) – 10*log10( 12*# PRBs) PSD = (Max_TX_Pwr – CELL_PWR_RED) – 10*log10( 12*# PRBs)

Frequency Time
Allocated DL PRBs PDCCH
DL Pilots PDSCH, PCH BCH, SCH
 DL-PC: Power Reduction
Cell Power Reduction
PSD = (pMax - CELL_PWR_RED) - 10*log10( # PRBs_DL *12) - MIMO_COMP [dBm]

PSD: Power Spectral Density, which specifies the constant absolute Power per 15kHz Resource Element (RE)
• pMax: maximum eNodeB transmit power per Antenna in [dBm]
• CELL_PWR_RED: O&M parameter
• # PRBs_DL: maximum Number of downlink PRBs in given LTE Carrier Bandwidth
• MIMO_COMP: Compensation Factor
dlpcMimoComp
• MIMO_COMP = 0 dB for SISO/SIMO Determines the power
• MIMO_COMP = 0...12 dB for MIMO Diversity and for MIMO Spatial Multiplexing compensation factor for
antenna-specific maximum
- PSD given per antenna (RF amplifier output) power in case of a downlink
transmission using at least two
- PRBs not scheduled are blanked
TX antennas
LNCEL; 0..10; 0.01; 0 dB
Applied to UE / cell specific channels and signals:
• PSD_CELL_CTRL for BCCH i.e. PBCH+PDSCH, PCFICH and PCH
• PSD_CELL_RS for reference signals (RS) / pilots
dlCellPwrRed
• PSD_CELL_SYNC for synchronization channel Reduction of DL Tx power; deducted
from max. antenna TX power.
• PSD_UE_PDSCH for UE specific part of PDSCH LNCEL; 0..20; 0.1; 0 dB
• PSD_UE_CTRL for PDCCH and PHICH
LTE1891 eNode B power saving - Micro DTX (FL16/TL16)
• Micro-DTX is a feature that allows for POWER
LTE Subfram
SAVINGS: e

• by switching OFF Power Amplifier(s) (PA) assigned to

LTE Cell for the duration of single OFDM symbols
• At times when the scheduler has determined that
there is no DL signal to be sent over the air

• Micro-DTX provides the MAXIMUM savings when:

• LTE cell is without any RRC connected UE
• Micro-DTX is NOT APPLICABLE when:
• MBMS (LTE 1117) is activated
• RF sharing is activated

Counter name Description

OFDM_SYM_MICRO_DTX_R_R The percentage of suppressed OFDM symbols with micro DTX to all
FM transmitted symbols in RF module. The percentage is obtained from the
(M8010C93) average value of all samples. For each sample with a duration of 100 ms
(1400 ODFM symbols), the percentage of suppressed symbols to all
#LTE Power and Quality DL transmitted symbols is calculated. The average of these percentages is
reported in a range of minutes, according to other RP1 transmissions.
Trigger event: At the end of the measurement period, the average of all
samples is calculated.
Granularity: 100 ms
KPI: LTE_5789a
 DL SINR measurement FDD only
These measurements are updated for each UE every TTI by using the UE's most recent subband CQI to calculate
Subband X downlink SINR post-compensation and the bin is incremented every sample period (5 seconds) with the
respective number of calculated values where each one is within a dB range. PRB range of subband X according to
frequency:
10 MHz refers to PRB#48 to PRB#49
15 MHz and 20 MHz refers to PRB#64 to PRB#71
M8031C0 DL_SINR_DIST_SB1_BIN0
.. ..
M8031C19 DL_SINR_DIST_SB1_BIN19

M8031C240 DL_SINR_DIST_SB13_BIN0
… …
M8031C259 DL_SINR_DIST_SB13_BIN19

M8031C260 DL_SINR_DIST_CW2_SB1_BIN0
.. ..
M8031C279 DL_SINR_DIST_CW2_SB1_BIN19

M8031C500 DL_SINR_DIST_CW2_SB13_BIN0
… …
M8031C519 DL_SINR_DIST_CW2_SB13_BIN19

M8031C520 DL_SINR_DIST_WB_BIN0
.. ..
M8031C539 DL_SINR_DIST_WB_BIN19

M8031C540 DL_SINR_DIST_CW2_WB_BIN0
.. ..
M8031C559 DL_SINR_DIST_CW2_WB_BIN19
DL SINR measurement FDD only
Subbands mapping

Subband PRBs for PRBs for PRBs for PRBs for PRBs for PRBs for
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
1 N/A 0 to 3 0 to 3 0 to 5 0 to 7 0 to 7
2 N/A 4 to 7 4 to 7 6 to 11 8 to 15 8 to 15
3 N/A 8 to 11 8 to 11 12 to 17 16 to 23 16 to 23
4 N/A 12 to 14 12 to 15 18 to 23 24 to 31 24 to 31
5 N/A N/A 16 to 19 24 to 29 32 to 39 32 to 39
6 N/A N/A 20 to 23 30 to 35 40 to 47 40 to 47
7 N/A N/A 24 36 to 41 48 to 55 48 to 55
8 N/A N/A N/A 42 to 47 56 to 63 56 to 63
9 N/A N/A N/A 48 to 49 64 to 71 64 to 71
10 N/A N/A N/A N/A 72 to 74 72 to 79
11 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 80 to 87
12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 88 to 95
13 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 96 to 99
Capacity Related Measurements (Overview)
• M8001 Cell Load Measurements
– PDCP SDU delay on DL/UL DTCH
– RACH setup
– Transmitted Transport blocks on PCH, BCH and SCH (UL/DL)
– Transmission on PDSCH and PUSCH classified per MCS
– The number of transmissions on PDSCH over the measurement period using MCS
– The number of unsuccessful transmissions on PDSCH using MCS
– The number of unacknowledged transmissions on PDSCH using MCS
– RLC SDUs on PCCH, BCCH, CCCH (UL/DL), DCCH (UL/DL) and DTCH (UL/DL)
– PDCP SDUs on DTCH (UL/DL)
– Number of Ues
– Average Dl latency per GBR QCI
– Overload duration
– BLER based on NACK/ACK ratio
– Carrier aggregation UEs
• M8011 Cell Resource Measurements
– Allocation of physical resource blocks (UL/DL) per QoS and SRB
– Utilization of physical resource blocks (UL/DL) per QoS and SRB
– PDCCH usage per Aggregation level
– Number of OFDM symbols used for subframe signaling
– Composite available capacity
– eICIC
– CA PUCCH blocking
User plane overload handling
Countermeasures
according to UPOVL 2 M8001C29 TIME_UPLANE_OVL_L1
9
M8001C30 TIME_UPLANE_OVL_L2
0
Countermeasures Countermeasures
according to UPOVL 1 according to UPOVL 1

UPOVL 2
U-plane load

Self
defense state

UPOVL 1
Graceful traffic reduction

UPOVL 0
load curve
Normal operation

time
QoS Functions

QoS functions have not been standardized in detail in 3GPP but are
implementation specific
• QoS functions
• Admission control (RL40 → Smart admission control)
• Bandwidth management based on UE-AMBR (AMBR = aggregate maximum bit rate)
• Bearer and service level bandwidth management
• Bearer and service level DSCP marking (DSCP = differential service code point)
• Queuing and scheduling of packets
• Allocation and Retention Policy (ARP)
QoS Parameters (EPS)
• QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
• Used to determine packet forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling of packets)
• Used to mark packets with DSCP (Differential Service Code Point)
• 3GPP has standardized 9 QCI values and mapped to resource type (GBR, non-GBR), priority, packet delay
budget and packet error loss rate
• Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP)
• Used to decide whether bearer establishment or modification request can be accepted in case of resource
limitations
• Can also be used to decide which bearer to drop during resource limitations
• According 3GPP ARP has no impact on packet forwarding treatment
• APN AMBR and UE AMPR for non-GBR EPS bearers
• APN-AMBR shared by all non-GBR EPS bearers with the same APN – downlink enforcement is done in PDN GW
and uplink enforcement in UE
• UE-AMBR shared by all non-GBR EPS bearers of the UE – downlink and uplink enforcement is done in eNB
• Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and Max Bit Rate (MBR) for GBR EPS bearers

• Nominal Bit rate for nGBR bearers - grant the non-GBR bearers (with the NBR defined), additional resources (PRBs) to
meet the defined nominal bit rate
 LTE1042: Nominal Bitrate for non-GBR bearers
NBR, plain non-GBR and GBR bearers

bitrat
Non-guaranteed
bitrat
e Guaranteed e bitrate
bitrate
GBR
value

time time

bitrat Nominal bitrate

e
Commite
d value M8006C233 ERAB_NBR_DL_AVG
NBR
M8006C234 ERAB_NBR_UL_AVG
value
Achieved M8006C235 ERAB_NBR_DL_FAIL_OVL_AV
G
value
M8006C236 ERAB_NBR_UL_FAIL_OVL_AV
G

time
Service Differentiation for Non-GBR EPS Bearer
QCI (QoS Class Identifier) based service differentiation

• Support of QCI 1,2,3,4 GBR QCI

Classes with Delay based scheduling QCI Resource Priority Packet Packet Example Services
Type Delay Error
and priority classification. Budget Loss
• Support of up to 21 Operator Rate
Specific QCI’s in the range 128 to 1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
254 non GBR GBR
2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live
• Differentiation of 5 different non- Streaming)
GBR QCI classes with relative 3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
scheduling weights
4 5 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video
-QCIs: 5,6,7,8,9 (Buffered Streaming)
- Flexi Multiradio allows to assign 5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS signaling
relative scheduling weights for each 6 Video (Buffered Streaming)
non GBR QCI on cell level Non-GBR 6 300 ms 10-6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail,
chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
• The relative weight or delay is progressive video, etc.)
considered by the UL and DL 7 Voice,
scheduler 7 100 ms 10-3 Video (Live Streaming)
Interactive Gaming
• Default bearers are set up with
QCI 9 (for non-privileged users) or 8
8 300 ms 10-6 Video (Buffered Streaming)
QCI 8 (for premium users) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail,
Feature ID(s): LTE9, LTE10 ,LTE496, LTE518
9 9 300 ms 10-6 chat, ftp, p2p file
sharing, progressive video, etc.)
 Layer 4 to layers 3&2 mapping

- Services are transferred by bearers which are mapped to QCIs. Descriptions:

- At the edge of the transport domain QCIs are mapped to DSCP DSCP
codes and then associated with respective DiffServ PHB classes. Differentiale Service Code Point. Diff.
Serv. (QoS) uses 6-bit DSCP field in
the header of IP packets for packet
classification purposes

EF
LTE Radio domain expedited forwarding (highest IP
LTE Transport domain service class)
Resourc DSCP DiffSer Ethernet
LTE Traffic Class QCI e Type v PHB p-bits AF
Conversational Voice 1 assured forwarding (4 IP service
46 EF 7
classes, 4 / 1 = very high / low
Conversational Video 2 36 AF42 5 priority)
GBR
Real-time Gaming 3 46 EF 7 BE
Non-conversational Video 4 26 AF31 3 best effort (lowest IP service class)
IMS singaling 5 34 AF41 4 IP QoS parameters
Voice, video, interactive 6 18 AF21 2 packet delay / loss / jitter
gaming
Non- 20 AF22 2
Video (buffered streaming) 7 GBR
10 AF11 1
TCP-based (e.g. www, e- 8
mail, ftp, p2p filesharing, 0 BE 0
etc.) 9
Measurement support for QoS
M8001C227, 228, 229, 230, 235 UEs with buffered DL data for DRB with QCI 1, 2, 3, 4 and non-GBR
M8001C269 Mean PDCP SDU delay on DL DTCH for DRB with QCI 1
M8001C270 Mean PDCP SDU delay on DL DTCH for non-GBR DRB
M8001C271, 273, 273 PDCP SDU delay on DL DTCH Mean for GBR DRBs of QCI 2, 3, 4
LTE_5471a, LTE_5472a, E-UTRAN Averaged PDCP SDU Delay in DL, QCI1……QCI9
LTE_5473a, LTE_5474a, LTE_5475a,
LTE_5476a, LTE_5477a, LTE_5478a,
LTE_5479a

LTE_5304b LTE_5305b
LTE_5306b LTE_5307b LTE_5308b
LTE_5450a LTE_5451a LTE_5452a
LTE_5453a LTE_5454a
LTE_5310b LTE_5311b LTE_5312b
LTE_5313b LTE_5314b LTE_5455a
LTE_5456a LTE_5457a LTE_5458a
LTE_5459a
M8001C305, 306, 307, 308
M8001C309, 310, 311, 312, 313
M8001C314, 315, 316, 317
M8001C323, 324, 325, 326
M8006C176, 177, 178, 179
M8006C238, 239,240, 241, 242,243
M8000C181, 182, 183, 184
E-UTRAN PDCP SDU Loss Ratio in the DL, QCI1…QCI9
E-UTRAN PDCP SDU Loss Ratio in the UL, QCI1…QCI9
PDCP SDU UL QCI 1, 2, 3, 4
PDCP SDU delay on DL DTCH Mean for non-GBR DRBs of QCI 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
PDCP SDU DL QCI 1, 2, 3, 4
PDCP SDU discarded DL QCI 1, 2, 3, 4
Released active ERABs QCI1,QCI2, QCI3, QCI4
Released active ERABs QCI5, QCI6, QCI7, QCI8, QCI9
In-session activity time for QCI1, QCI2, QCI3, QCI4 ERABs
Measurement support for QoS
M8006C233 Non-GBR E-RABs with configured NBR in DL
M8006C234 Non-GBR E-RABs with configured NBR in UL
M8006C235 Non-GBR E-RABs not reaching NBR in DL due to overload
M8006C236 Non-GBR E-RABs not reaching NBR in UL due to overload
M8006C188 - 196 Setup attempts for initial E-RABs of QCI1-9
M8006C197 - 205 Setup attempts for additional E-RABs of QCI1-9
M8006C206 - 214 Successfully established initial E-RABs of QCI1-9
M8006C215 - 223 Successfully established additional E-RABs of QCI1- 9
M8006C224 - 232 Maximum number of simultaneous E-RABs of QCI1-9
Link Adaptation for Signaling (PDCCH)
Reservation of Bad air interface interference conditions
control Ch. limits available resources for PDCCH and
Elements/RE impacts limits of PDSCH

Example:
1 and 8 CCE's may be used for the
transmission of one PDCCH.

With low
bandwidth eNodeB
no PDSCH 2 CCE 4 CCE 8 CCE
allocation possible
(macro cell
condition)

CCE: Control Channel Element

DCI: DL Control Information

PHICH PCFICH
M8010C67 /
Average PDCCH power
PDCCH RS per RE per DCI
Link Adaptation for Signaling (PDCCH)
Updated when Aggregation Groups1,2.3.4 are used for PDCCH scheduling.

CH
CH

CH
CH

DC
DC

DC
DC

used P
used P

used P
used P

C40

C539
C41
C42

M8011
AGG2
M8011

M8011
M8011

AGG3

AGG1
AGG4

8 CCE 4 CCE 2 CCE 1 CCE

45 RA41217EN160GLA0 © Nokia Solutions and Networks

2016
Link Adaptation for Signaling (PDCCH)
• PDCCH utilization
- M8011C39/C40/C41/C42: AGG1 to
AGG4 useage
- M8011C43/C44/C45/C46: AGG1 to
AGG4 blocked

Measurement period
PDCCH Resources
- The MaximumNumberOfOFDMSymbolsForPDCCH parameter defines how many OFDM symbols can
be used.
- Example shows dynamic case for MaximumNumberOfOFDMSymbolsForPDCCH=3 (yellow)
- In RL30 selection between 1,2 or 3 symbols is dynamic based on actLdPdcch setting

maxNrSymPdcch
LNCEL; 1..3; 1; 3

actLdPdcch
LNCEL; false (0), true
(1); false

M8011C59 Number of subframes with 1 OFDM symbol allocated to PDCCH

M8011C60 Number of subframes with 2 OFDM symbols allocated to PDCCH
M8011C61 Number of subframes with 3 OFDM symbols allocated to PDCCH
Link Adaptation for Signaling (PDCCH)

These counters are updated with every subframe for which 1,2 or 3 OFDM symbols are
allocated to the PDCCH

M M M
FD FD FD
O O O
1 2 3
ith th th
59 w 60 wi 61 wi
C s C es C es
011 ame 011 am 0 11 am
8 r 8 r 8 r
M bf M bf M bf
su su su
 LTE1697 Timing Advance Histogram PM-counter
Feature overview

• The performance measurements introduced with this

feature provide feedback about the distribution of
subscribers in radial direction from the antenna based
on instantaneous TA (timing alignment) values d
- TA values are sent to the UE to keep the uplink timing in
d
sync with the downlink one
- The TA value is provided by the Random Access response
(initial TA) and all subsequent TA commands
• New counters are stored in new measurement group: d d
- M8029 – LTE MAC
- Measurement interval parameter: PMRNL:mtMAC
d – range (in m) from the
antenna

expectedCellSize
LNCEL,
2.1,5,10,15,30,60,100km; 15km
 LTE1697 Timing Advance Histogram PM-counter
Histogram configuration Each of the histogram PM-counters represents a bin for
a certain distance range
• Based on an operator-configured parameter
(LNCEL:expectedCellSize) eNB is applying a
pre-defined set of PM-counter bins (TA- #
histogram set) for mapping the measured
instantaneous TA-value into a corresponding bin
- The value of the parameter is always stored in additional counter
TIMING_ADV_SET_INDEX (M8029C0)
Counter bins
• Configuration of the 'expected cell size' can be
performed
- Manually by the operator or
- Automatically during the system upgrade when doing
the database conversion  Thereby a simple
configuration rule is applied, which picks a proper
expectedCellSize depending on the configured
PRACH cyclic shift (prachCS) and high-speed flag
(hsFlag).

expectedCellSize
LNCEL,
2.1,5,10,15,30,60,100km; 15km
 LTE1697 Timing Advance Histogram PM-counter
15 km range
2.1 km range 5 km range 10 km range (def) 30 km range 60 km range 100 km range
Counter
                           
from to from to from to from to from to from to from to
M8029C1 0 78 0 468 0 1006 0 1505 0 3003 0 6006 0 10000
M8029C2 78 156 468 1014 1006 2012 1505 3011 3003 6006 6006 12012 10000 19999
M8029C3 156 234 1014 1248 2012 2516 3011 3764 6006 7508 12012 15015 19999 24999
M8029C4 234 312 1248 1482 2516 3019 3764 4516 7508 9009 15015 18018 24999 29999
M8029C5 312 390 1482 1716 3019 3522 4516 5269 9009 10511 18018 21021 29999 34999
M8029C6 390 468 1716 2028 3522 4025 5269 6022 10511 12012 21021 24024 34999 39998
M8029C7 468 546 2028 2262 4025 4528 6022 6774 12012 13514 24024 27027 39998 44998
M8029C8 546 624 2262 2652 4528 5333 6774 7979 13514 15916 27027 31832 44998 52998
M8029C9 624 702 2652 3042 5333 6138 7979 9183 15916 18318 31832 36637 52998 60998
M8029C1
0 702 780 3042 3432 6138 6943 9183 10387 18318 20721 36637 41441 60998 68997
M8029C1
1 780 858 3432 3822 6943 7748 10387 11592 20721 23123 41441 46246 68997 76997
M8029C1
2 858 936 3822 3900 7748 8553 11592 12796 23123 25526 46246 51051 76997 84997
M8029C1
3 936 1014 3900 3978 8553 8653 12796 12946 25526 25826 51051 51652 84997 85997
M8029C1
4 1014 1092 3978 4056 8653 8754 12946 13097 25826 26126 51652 52252 85997 86997
M8029C1
5 1092 1170 4056 4134 8754 8855 13097 13248 26126 26426 52252 52853 86997 87996
M8029C1
6 1170 1248 4134 4212 8855 8955 13248 13398 26426 26727 52853 53453 87996 88996
M8029C1
7 1248 1326 4212 4290 8955 9056 13398 13549 26727 27027 53453 54054 88996 89996
M8029C1
8 1326 1404 4290 4368 9056 9156 13549 13699 27027 27327 54054 54655 89996 90996
M8029C1
9 1404 1482 4368 4446 9156 9257 13699 13850 27327 27628 54655 55255 90996 91996
M8029C2
0 1482 1560 4446 4524 9257 9358 13850 14000 27628 27928 55255 55856 91996 92996
M8029C2
1 1560 1638 4524 4602 9358 9458 14000 14151 27928 28228 55856 56456 92996 93996
 LTE1697 Timing Advance Histogram PM-counter
Bin mapping cont.....

15 km range
2.1 km range 5 km range 10 km range (def) 30 km range 60 km range 100 km range
Counter
                           
from to from to from to from to from to from to from to
M8029C2
2 1638 1716 4602 4680 9458 9559 14151 14301 28228 28529 56456 57057 93996 94996
M8029C2
3 1716 1794 4680 4758 9559 9660 14301 14452 28529 28829 57057 57658 94996 95996
M8029C2
4 1794 1872 4758 4836 9660 9760 14452 14602 28829 29129 57658 58258 95996 96996
M8029C2
5 1872 1950 4836 4914 9760 9861 14602 14753 29129 29429 58258 58859 96996 97996
M8029C2
6 1950 2028 4914 4992 9861 9961 14753 14903 29429 29730 58859 59459 97996 98996
M8029C2
7 2028 2106 4992 5070 9961 10062 14903 15054 29730 30030 59459 60060 98996 99996
M8029C2
8 2106 2184 5070 5226 10062 10565 15054 15807 30030 31532 60060 63063 99996 104996
M8029C2
9 2184 2262 5226 5616 10565 11068 15807 16559 31532 33033 63063 66066 104996 109996
M8029C3
0 2262 infinite 5616 infinite 11068 infinite 16559 infinite 33033 infinite 66066 infinite 109996 infinite
Cell Availability Measurements
• Cell availability evaluated once approximately every 10s
- M8020C3: Number of evaluations the cell is available
- M8020C4: Number of evaluations the cell is planned unavailable
- M8020C5: Number of evaluations the cell in unplanned unavailable
- M8020C6: Total number of evaluations

M8020C4
Cell unplanned 
unavailable
(fault)
M8020C5
Cell planned
unavailable
(maintenance work)

M8020C3 
Cell available
Cell Availability KPIs
LTE_5750a E-UTRAN Cell Availability Ratio
Shows the percentage of time the cell is available for services

Summarization Summarization formula

Logical formula formula (PI ID) (Abbreviation)
CELL AVR = (time of cell is Sum ([M8020C3]) / Sum ([SAMPLES_CELL_AV]) /
available for services) / (total sum ([M8020C6] * Sum ([DENOM_CELL_AV]) * 100%
measured time) = 100
(number of samples when cell is
available) / (number of all
samples)
Cell Availability KPIs
LTE_5751a E-UTRAN Planned Cell Unavailability Ratio
Shows the percentage of time the cell is not available for services as planned by the
operator (e.g. due to maintenance work)

Summarization Summarization formula

Logical formula formula (PI ID) (Abbreviation)
CELL PL UAVR = (time of cell is Sum ([M8020C4]) / Sum
planned unavailable for sum ([M8020C6] * ([SAMPLES_CELL_PLAN_UNAV]) /
services) / (total measured time) 100 Sum ([DENOM_CELL_AV]) * 100%
=
(number of samples when cell is
planned unavailable) / (number of
all samples)
Cell Availability KPIs
LTE_5752a E-UTRAN Unplanned Cell Unavailability Ratio
Shows the percentage of time the cell is not available for services NOT planned by the
operator (e.g. due to faults)

This KPI shows the ratio of services in a cell being unplanned unavailable for end-users.
Summarization Summarization formula
Logical formula formula (PI ID) (Abbreviation)
CELL UPL UAVR = (time of cell is Sum ([M8020C5]) / Sum
unplanned unavailable for sum ([M8020C6] * ([SAMPLES_CELL_UNPLAN_UNAV
services) / (total measured time) 100 ]) /
= Sum ([DENOM_CELL_AV]) * 100%
(number of samples when cell is
unplanned unavailable) / (number
of all samples)