WIND HYBRID

SYSTEMS
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Mr. Tushar Barot Naresh Kumawat
Assistant Professor, Roll No.:
M. E 15ECAME024

Mechanical Engineering Department

Chartered Institute of Technology, Abu Road

 CONTENT

 Wind / Diesel
 Solar / Diesel Hybrids
 Diesel Engines
 Fuel Consumption
 Hybrid Installation Design
 Balance Of Systems
 Power Availability
 Conclusion
 Wind/Diesel

 Wind/diesel systems work well

where sunlight is limited, as
above the Arctic Circle or below
the Antarctic Circle
 Wind turbines have worked well
at the South Pole Station, but
diesel generators are also hard
at work there
 Gasoline engines also can be
used, but may lack the life of a
heavy diesel engine
 Diesel fuel costs $2.90; gasoline
$2.77 as of 3/15/2010
 Solar/Diesel Hybrids

 Solar power has a much more stable short term output

than wind power; the solar energy is less “volatile” than
wind to use an economics term
 As the insolation rises in the morning, the diesel engine
might be shut down until late afternoon or when clouds
reduce solar power for a certain number of minutes
 The controller could run the diesel engine only when the
battery voltage drops below a very low set point, such as
10.5 volts
The diesel would be stopped when the battery
voltage rose to approximately 13.9 volts
 A battery-charging procedure minimizes the number of
engine starts and ensures full-load engine operation
 Diesel Engines

 A 9.2 kVA diesel

package plant from
Genasys Systems in a
quieting package (top)
 Multiple large diesel
sets (bottom)
 A small diesel might
require 2.5 L/hr at idle
and 7.5 L/hr at 14 kW
changing somewhat
linearly from idle to full
load
 Fuel Consumption

 The rate of diesel fuel consumption is critical to the

analysis
Diesel fuel costs ~20% more than gasoline
Biodiesel is even more costly
Fuel transportation raises the actual fuel cost and
must be included in the total price
 The engine speed must be matched to the
generator/alternator to optimize efficiency
 When the generator runs, it should do so at full load,
charging batteries as necessary, then shutting down
completely to save fuel
 Hybrid Installation Design

 Some rules from Manwell, et al.:

Without storage, the load limits what energy may be
used or extracted
Load matching for time of day limits output as well
Diesel engines must be sized for highest load to carry
the loads in normal operation
The savings is never greater than the fuel savings
 Balance of Systems (BOS)

 The balance of system must include the necessary fuel

tanks, piping, transportation support, etc.
 Local shops may be needed to perform engine overhaul,
since the distance to civilization may be great
 BOS must include means of transporting fuel to the
engine
If a truck is normally used to travel to a location that
has fuel, there might not be an extra trip or expense
With dual truck tanks, one might be used just for
hauling fuel for the generator
The labor (driver) cost is increased slightly for getting
fuel, but increased greatly if the trip would not have
been otherwise made
 Balance of Systems (Diesel)

 Fueled systems will require tanks, lines, and possibly

pumps
 In cold weather, diesel oil thickens, and insulation or
heating of the lines may be required
Hot water tubes can be run parallel to the fuel lines
 Small car engines may use 3 liters per 100 km (78 mpg)
If at 78 mph, that would be 3 L/hr, or to avoid mixed
units systems, approximately 3/4 gallon/hour
 A typical 500 gallon tank would hold ~500 hours of fuel,
so replacement fuel must be obtained faster than that to
keep the tank filled so the generator doesn’t stop
 Battery Storage

 Batteries provide an “inexpensive” form of storage

 They are required for wind and solar energy, but diesel
(gasoline) generators could run to carry the load
 For reliability, some diesel service might expensively be
kept online at all times to avoid starting delays
 Large battery systems require some maintenance checks
but usually last for many years (7-20)
 A large Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) can carry
the load for minutes to hours or longer depending upon
the amount of battery ampere-hours that supports it
 Adding storage means that the energy available is
“leveled” and unnecessary engine starts are avoided
 Power Control

 System monitoring by computer allows programming of

automated supervisory monitoring and determines
actions to take in response
 The system functions in software might include
Start an engine
Control battery charging
Control energy load dumping for wind turbine
Change loads to match available power
Engage engine clutch
Report alarms to a distant operator
 System Availability

 As long as the engine works and the diesel fuel lasts,

system availability is high
 If the renewable sources are low, the fuel will be used
faster (and require replenishment more often)
 If the engine fails and there is no storage (battery), the
system will only have the varying renewable energy and
might not function at all due to voltage variations
 Solar energy might carry the load until mid-afternoon,
but the wind system would be too variable in many
locations
 PV Installation in Australia

Diesel generator
supplies backup
power
 Conclusion: Wind Hybrid

 Combinations of energy sources will provide more reliable

power than any one source alone --- energy diversity
 Diesel, propane, or gasoline engine-generators produce
power on demand, and can self-start when the power
line voltage is dropping
 Natural gas can be piped to some areas
 When wind or solar energy is available, the fueled
generator will shut down, saving its fuel cost
 Although overall costs are higher, the power is more
reliable