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Electricity
Movement of electrons
Invisible force that provides
light, heat, sound, motion . . .
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Elements - The simplest form of matter
How many
protons are in
this nucleus?
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electrons
Negatively charged
particles
Electron Orbitals
Orbits in which
electrons move around 2D
3D
the nucleus of an atom
Valence Electrons
The outermost ring of
electrons in an atom
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits
Orbit Maximum
Number Electrons
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
6 72
Valence 8
Orbit
Why?
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits
Sulfur
S
16
Copper
Cu
29
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Flow
Electricity is created as electrons collide and
transfer from atom to atom.
Play Animation
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators
Conductors Insulators
Electrical Circuit
A system of conductors and components
forming a complete path for current to travel
Pipe (Wiring)
off on
Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)
Pipe (Wiring)
off on
Pipe (Wiring)
off on
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Measuring Current
Set multimeter to the proper ADC range.
Circuit flow must go through the meter.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Measuring Resistance
Set multimeter to the proper Ohms range.
Measure across the component being tested.
Power must be off or removed from the circuit.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the
voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
resistor’s value
The mathematical relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance
If you know 2 of the 3 quantities, you can solve for the third.
Quantities Abbreviations Units Symbols
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms Ω
Solve for V
V
I xR
V=IR
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.
Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.
Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R
Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery
and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 .
When the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-
VR 6V
IR 0.04 A 40 mA
R 150
Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are • Both ends of the components
connected end-to-end. are connected together.
• There is only a single • There are multiple paths for
path for current to flow. current to flow.
Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the total applied voltage
+ +
VT VR2
- -
- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -
+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -
- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
RT R1 R2 R3
RT 220 470 1.2 k
RT 1900 1.9 k
+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT
42
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT
1 1 1
R1 R2 R3
1
RT
1 1 1
470 2.2 k 3.3 k
RT 346.59 = 350
Voltage Across Each Component:
Since this is a parallel circuit :
VT VR1 VR2 VR3 15 volts
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1 (Ohm's Law)
R1
VR1 15 v
IR1 31.915 mA=32 mA
R1 470
VR2 15 v
IR2 6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k
V 15 v V
IR3 R3 4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k
I R
VT 15 v
IT 43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
2 3
Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to
the amount of current and voltage
within a system.
P I V
Power is measured in watts
Image Resources
Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip Art. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx