07 Lecture Presentation PC

Photosynthesis: Using Light to
Chapter 7 Make Food
PowerPoint Lectures for

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition
Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

Introduction
 Plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes

– convert light energy to chemical energy and
– store the chemical energy in sugar, made from
– carbon dioxide and
– water.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction
 Algae farms can be used to produce

– oils for biodiesel or
– carbohydrates to generate ethanol.

Figure 7.0_1
Chapter 7: Big Ideas
The Light Reactions:

An Overview of Converting Solar Energy to
Photosynthesis Chemical Energy
The Calvin Cycle: Photosynthesis Reviewed

Reducing CO2 to Sugar and Extended
Figure 7.0_2
AN OVERVIEW
OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

7.1 Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere
 Autotrophs
– make their own food through the process of
photosynthesis,
– sustain themselves, and
– do not usually consume organic molecules derived from
other organisms.

 Photoautotrophs use the energy of light to produce

organic molecules.
 Chemoautotrophs are prokaryotes that use
inorganic chemicals as their energy source.
 Heterotrophs are consumers that feed on
– plants or
– animals, or
– decompose organic material.

 Photosynthesis in plants
– takes place in chloroplasts,
– converts carbon dioxide and water into organic
molecules, and
– releases oxygen.

Figure 7.1A-D
Figure 7.1A
Figure 7.1B
Figure 7.1C
Figure 7.1D
7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant
cells
 Chloroplasts are the major sites of photosynthesis
in green plants.
 Chlorophyll
– is an important light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts,
– is responsible for the green color of plants, and
– plays a central role in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.

cells
 Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the
mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the
leaf.
 Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow
– carbon dioxide to enter and
– oxygen to exit.
 Veins in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots.

Figure 7.2
Leaf
Leaf Cross Section
Mesophyll Vein
CO2 O2
Stoma
Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
Inner and outer

membranes
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid space
Stroma
Figure 7.2_1
Leaf Cross Leaf

Section
Mesophyll Vein
Mesophyll Cell
CO2 O2
Stoma Chloroplast
cells
 Chloroplasts consist of an envelope of two
membranes, which
– enclose an inner compartment filled with a thick fluid
called stroma and
– contain a system of interconnected membranous sacs
called thylakoids.

cells
 Thylakoids
– are often concentrated in stacks called grana and
– have an internal compartment called the thylakoid space,
which has functions analogous to the intermembrane
space of a mitochondrion.
– Thylakoid membranes also house much of the machinery
that converts light energy to chemical energy.
 Chlorophyll molecules
– are built into the thylakoid membrane and
– capture light energy.

Figure 7.2_2
Chloroplast
Inner and outer

membranes
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid space
Stroma
Figure 7.2_3
Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
Figure 7.2_4
Granum
Stroma
7.3 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: Scientists traced
the process of photosynthesis using isotopes
 Scientists have known since the 1800s that plants
produce O2. But does this oxygen come from
carbon dioxide or water?
– For many years, it was assumed that oxygen was
extracted from CO2 taken into the plant.
– However, later research using a heavy isotope of
oxygen, 18O, confirmed that oxygen produced by
photosynthesis comes from H2O.

Figure 7.3A
7.3 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: Scientists traced
the process of photosynthesis using isotopes
 Experiment 1: 6 CO2  12 H2O → C6H12O6  6 H2O  6 O2
 Experiment 2: 6 CO2  12 H2O → C6H12O6  6 H2O  6 O2

Figure 7.3B
Reactants:
Products:
7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is
cellular respiration
 Photosynthesis, like respiration, is a redox
(oxidation-reduction) process.
– CO2 becomes reduced to sugar as electrons along with
hydrogen ions from water are added to it.
– Water molecules are oxidized when they lose electrons
along with hydrogen ions.

Figure 7.4A
Becomes reduced
Becomes oxidized
 Cellular respiration uses redox reactions to harvest
the chemical energy stored in a glucose molecule.
– This is accomplished by oxidizing the sugar and
reducing O2 to H2O.
– The electrons lose potential as they travel down the
electron transport chain to O2.
– In contrast, the food-producing redox reactions of
photosynthesis require energy.

 In photosynthesis,
– light energy is captured by chlorophyll molecules to
boost the energy of electrons,
– light energy is converted to chemical energy, and
– chemical energy is stored in the chemical bonds of
sugars.

Figure 7.4B
Becomes oxidized
Becomes reduced
7.5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis
are linked by ATP and NADPH
 Photosynthesis occurs in two metabolic stages.
1. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes.
In these reactions
– water is split, providing a source of electrons and giving off
oxygen as a by-product,
– ATP is generated from ADP and a phosphate group, and
– light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules to drive
the transfer of electrons and H+ from water to the electron
acceptor NADP+ reducing it to NADPH.
– NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the
electrons for reducing carbon in the Calvin cycle.

7.5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis
are linked by ATP and NADPH
2. The second stage is the Calvin cycle, which occurs in
the stroma of the chloroplast.
– The Calvin cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that
assembles sugar molecules using CO2 and the energy-rich
products of the light reactions.
– During the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic
compounds in a process called carbon fixation.
– After carbon fixation, enzymes of the cycle make sugars by
further reducing the carbon compounds.
– The Calvin cycle is often called the dark reactions or light-
independent reactions, because none of the steps requires
light directly.

Figure 7.5_s1
H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
P
Light
Reactions
(in thylakoids)
Chloroplast
Figure 7.5_s2
H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
P
Light
Reactions
(in thylakoids)
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
Figure 7.5_s3
H2O CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
P
Calvin
Light
Cycle
Reactions
(in stroma)
(in thylakoids)
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2 Sugar
THE LIGHT REACTIONS:
CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY
TO CHEMICAL ENERGY

7.6 Visible radiation absorbed by pigments
drives the light reactions
 Sunlight contains energy called electromagnetic
energy or electromagnetic radiation.
– Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, the full range of electromagnetic
wavelengths.
– Electromagnetic energy travels in waves, and the
wavelength is the distance between the crests of two
adjacent waves.

 Light behaves as discrete packets of energy called
photons.
– A photon is a fixed quantity of light energy.
– The shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy.

Figure 7.6A
Increasing energy
105 nm 103 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm 1m 103 m
Gamma Micro- Radio

X-rays UV Infrared
rays waves waves
Visible light
380 400 500 600 700 750

Wavelength (nm)
650
nm
 Pigments
– absorb light and
– are built into the thylakoid membrane.
 Plant pigments
– absorb some wavelengths of light and
– reflect or transmit other wavelengths.
 We see the color of the wavelengths that are
transmitted. For example, chlorophyll transmits
green wavelengths.

Animation: Light and Pigments
Right click on animation / Click play

Figure 7.6B
Light
Reflected
light
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
Thylakoid
Transmitted
light
Figure 7.6B_1
 Chloroplasts contain several different pigments,
which absorb light of different wavelengths.
– Chlorophyll a absorbs blue-violet and red light and
reflects green.
– Chlorophyll b absorbs blue and orange and reflects
yellow-green.
– Carotenoids
– broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis
and
– provide photoprotection, absorbing and dissipating excessive
light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or
interact with oxygen to form reactive oxidative molecules.

7.7 Photosystems capture solar energy
 Pigments in chloroplasts absorb photons (capturing

solar power), which
– increases the potential energy of the pigment’s
electrons and
– sends the electrons into an unstable state.
– These unstable electrons
– drop back down to their “ground state,” and as they do,
– release their excess energy as heat.

Figure 7.7A
Excited state
Photon Heat
of light
Photon
(fluorescence)
Ground state
Chlorophyll
molecule
Figure 7.7A_1
Figure 7.7A_2
Excited state
Photon Heat
of light
Photon
(fluorescence)
Ground state
Chlorophyll
molecule
 Within a thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and other

pigment molecules
– absorb photons and
– transfer the energy to other pigment molecules.
 In the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll molecules

are organized along with other pigments and
proteins into photosystems.

 A photosystem consists of a number of light-

harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction-
center complex.
 A light-harvesting complex contains various
pigment molecules bound to proteins.
 Collectively, the light-harvesting complexes
function as a light-gathering antenna.

Figure 7.7B
Photosystem
Light
Light-harvesting Reaction-center
complexes complex
Primary electron
acceptor
Thylakoid membrane
Pigment
Transfer Pair of
molecules
of energy chlorophyll a molecules
 The light energy is passed from molecule to

molecule within the photosystem.
– Finally it reaches the reaction center where a primary
electron acceptor accepts these electrons and
consequently becomes reduced.
– This solar-powered transfer of an electron from the
reaction-center pigment to the primary electron acceptor
is the first step in the transformation of light energy to
chemical energy in the light reactions.

 Two types of photosystems (photosystem I and

photosystem II) cooperate in the light reactions.
 Each type of photosystem has a characteristic
reaction center.
– Photosystem II, which functions first, is called P680
because its pigment absorbs light with a wavelength of
680 nm.
– Photosystem I, which functions second, is called P700
because it absorbs light with a wavelength of 700 nm.

7.8 Two photosystems connected by an electron
transport chain generate ATP and NADPH
 In the light reactions, light energy is transformed
into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.
 To accomplish this, electrons are
– removed from water,
– passed from photosystem II to photosystem I, and
– accepted by NADP+, reducing it to NADPH.
 Between the two photosystems, the electrons

– move down an electron transport chain and
– provide energy for the synthesis of ATP.

Figure 7.8A
Electron transport chain Light NADP  H NADPH

Light Provides energy for
synthesis of ATP Photosystem I 6
Photosystem II
Stroma by chemiosmosis
1
Primary
Primary
Thylakoid membrane
acceptor
acceptor
2
4
5
P680 P700
Thylakoid
3
space
H2O
O2  2 H
1
2
Figure 7.8A_1
Electron transport chain

Light Provides energy for
synthesis of ATP
Photosystem II by chemiosmosis
Stroma
1
Primary
Thylakoid membrane
acceptor
2
P680
Thylakoid 3
space
H2O 1
2 O2  2 H
Figure 7.8A_2
Electron transport chain Light NADP  H+ NADPH

Provides energy for
synthesis of ATP Photosystem I 6
by chemiosmosis
Primary
acceptor
4
5
P700
Figure 7.8B
ATP
NADPH
Mill
makes
ATP
Photosystem II Photosystem I
7.8 Two photosystems connected by an electron
transport chain generate ATP and NADPH
 The products of the light reactions are
– NADPH,
– ATP, and
– oxygen.

7.9 Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the
light reactions
 Interestingly, chemiosmosis is the mechanism that
– is involved in oxidative phosphorylation in
mitochondria and
– generates ATP in chloroplasts.
 ATP is generated because the electron transport

chain produces a concentration gradient of
hydrogen ions across a membrane.

light reactions
 In photophosphorylation, using the initial energy
input from light,
– the electron transport chain pumps H+ into the thylakoid
space, and
– the resulting concentration gradient drives H+ back
through ATP synthase, producing ATP.

Figure 7.9
Chloroplast
To Calvin
Cycle H+
Light ADP P ATP
Light
Stroma
(low H+ NADPH
H+ NADP+ H+
concentration)
H+ H+
Thylakoid
membrane
H+ H+ H+
+
H+
H2O H
1 O + 2 + H+
Thylakoid space 2 2 H H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
(high H+ H+
Electron H+
concentration) Photosystem II transport chain Photosystem I ATP synthase
Figure 7.9_1
To Calvin
Cycle H+
Light ADP P ATP
Light
H+ NADP+ H+ NADPH
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
+ H+
H2O H
1 H+
O2 2 H+ H+ H+ H+
2 H+ H+
Electron H+ H+
Photosystem II transport chain Photosystem I ATP synthase
light reactions
 How does photophosphorylation compare with
oxidative phosphorylation?
– Mitochondria use oxidative phosphorylation to transfer
chemical energy from food into the chemical energy of
ATP.
– Chloroplasts use photophosphorylation to transfer light
energy into the chemical energy of ATP.

THE CALVIN CYCLE:
REDUCING CO2TO SUGAR

7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in
the Calvin cycle
 The Calvin cycle makes sugar within a chloroplast.
 To produce sugar, the necessary ingredients are
– atmospheric CO2 and
– ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions.
 The Calvin cycle uses these three ingredients to

produce an energy-rich, three-carbon sugar called
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
 A plant cell may then use G3P to make glucose
and other organic molecules.
Figure 7.10A
CO2
Input ATP
NADPH
Calvin
Cycle
Output: G3P
7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in
the Calvin cycle
 The steps of the Calvin cycle include
– carbon fixation,
– reduction,
– release of G3P, and
– regeneration of the starting molecule ribulose
bisphosphate (RuBP).

Figure 7.10B_s1
Step 1 Carbon fixation Input: 3
CO2
Rubisco
1
3 P P 6 P
RuBP 3-PGA
Calvin
Cycle
Figure 7.10B_s2
CO2
Rubisco
1
3 P P 6 P
RuBP 3-PGA
Step 2 Reduction 6 ATP
6 ADP P
Calvin 2
Cycle
6 NADPH
6 NADP
6 P
G3P
Figure 7.10B_s3
CO2
Rubisco
1
3 P P 6 P
RuBP 3-PGA
6 ADP P
Calvin 2
Cycle
6 NADPH
Step 3 Release of one 6 NADP

molecule of G3P 6 P
5 P G3P
G3P 3
Glucose
Output: 1 P and other
G3P compounds
Figure 7.10B_s4
CO2
Rubisco
1
3 P P 6 P
RuBP 3-PGA
3 ADP
6 ADP P
4
Calvin 2
3 ATP Cycle
6 NADPH
Step 3 Release of one 6 NADP

molecule of G3P 6 P
5 P G3P
G3P 3
Glucose
Step 4 Regeneration of RuBP Output: 1 P and other
G3P compounds
7.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Other
methods of carbon fixation have evolved in
hot, dry climates
 Most plants use CO2 directly from the air, and
carbon fixation occurs when the enzyme rubisco
adds CO2 to RuBP.
 Such plants are called C3 plants because the first
product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon
compound, 3-PGA.

hot, dry climates
 In hot and dry weather, C3 plants
– close their stomata to reduce water loss but
– prevent CO2 from entering the leaf and O2 from leaving.
– As O2 builds up in a leaf, rubisco adds O2 instead of
CO2 to RuBP, and a two-carbon product of this reaction
is then broken down in the cell.
– This process is called photorespiration because it
occurs in the light, consumes O2, and releases CO2.
– But unlike cellular respiration, it uses ATP instead of
producing it.
hot, dry climates
 C4 plants have evolved a means of
– carbon fixation that saves water during photosynthesis
while
– optimizing the Calvin cycle.
 C4 plants are so named because they first fix CO2

into a four-carbon compound.
 When the weather is hot and dry, C4 plants keep
their stomata mostly closed, thus conserving water.

hot, dry climates
 Another adaptation to hot and dry environments
has evolved in the CAM plants, such as
pineapples and cacti.
 CAM plants conserve water by opening their
stomata and admitting CO2 only at night.
 CO2 is fixed into a four-carbon compound,
– which banks CO2 at night and
– releases it to the Calvin cycle during the day.

Figure 7.11
Mesophyll CO2 CO2

cell Night
4-C compound 4-C compound
Bundle-
sheath CO2 CO2
cell
Calvin Calvin
Cycle Cycle
3-C sugar 3-C sugar
C4 plant Day CAM plant
Sugarcane Pineapple
Figure 7.11_1
Mesophyll CO2 CO2

cell Night
4-C compound 4-C compound
Bundle-
sheath CO2 CO2
cell
Calvin Calvin
Cycle Cycle
3-C sugar 3-C sugar
C4 plant Day CAM plant

Figure 7.11_2
Sugarcane
Figure 7.11_3
Pineapple
PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEWED
AND EXTENDED

7.12 Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon
dioxide, and water to make organic molecules
 Most of the living world depends on the food-

making machinery of photosynthesis.
 The chloroplast
– integrates the two stages of photosynthesis and
– makes sugar from CO2.

7.12 Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon
dioxide, and water to make organic molecules
 About half of the carbohydrates made by

photosynthesis are consumed as fuel for cellular
respiration in the mitochondria of plant cells.
 Sugars also serve as the starting material for making
other organic molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and
cellulose.
 Excess food made by plants is stockpiled as starch
in roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits.

Figure 7.12
H2O CO2
Chloroplast
Light
NADP
ADP
P
Light
Reactions
RuBP
Photosystem II Calvin
Cycle 3-PGA
Electron (in stroma)
transport chain
Thylakoids
Photosystem I ATP Stroma
NADPH
G3P
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
O2 Sugars Other organic
compounds
7.13 CONNECTION: Photosynthesis may
moderate global climate change
 The greenhouse effect operates on a global
scale.
– Solar radiation includes visible light that penetrates the
Earth’s atmosphere and warms the planet’s surface.
– Heat radiating from the warmed planet is absorbed by
gases in the atmosphere, which then reflects some of
the heat back to Earth.
– Without the warming of the greenhouse effect, the Earth
would be much colder and most life as we know it could
not exist.

Figure 7.13A
Figure 7.13B
Some heat
energy escapes
Sunlight into space
Atmosphere
Radiant heat
trapped by CO2
and other gases
 The gases in the atmosphere that absorb heat
radiation are called greenhouse gases. These
include
– water vapor,
– carbon dioxide, and
– methane.

 Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
have been linked to global climate change (also
called global warming), a slow but steady rise in
Earth’s surface temperature.
 Since 1850, the atmospheric concentration of CO2
has increased by about 40%, mostly due to the
combustion of fossil fuels including
– coal,
– oil, and
– gasoline.

 The predicted consequences of continued warming
include
– melting of polar ice,
– rising sea levels,
– extreme weather patterns,
– droughts,
– increased extinction rates, and
– the spread of tropical diseases.

 Widespread deforestation has aggravated the
global warming problem by reducing an effective
CO2 sink.
 Global warming caused by increasing CO2 levels
may be reduced by
– limiting deforestation,
– reducing fossil fuel consumption, and
– growing biofuel crops that remove CO2 from the
atmosphere.

7.14 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: Scientific study
of Earth’s ozone layer has global significance
 Solar radiation converts O2 high in the atmosphere
to ozone (O3), which shields organisms from
damaging UV radiation.
 Industrial chemicals called CFCs have caused
dangerous thinning of the ozone layer, but
international restrictions on CFC use are allowing a
slow recovery.

Figure 7.14A
Southern
tip of
South
America
Antarctica
Figure 7.14B
You should now be able to
1. Define autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, and

photoautotrophs.
2. Describe the structure of chloroplasts and their
location in a leaf.
3. Explain how plants produce oxygen.
4. Describe the role of redox reactions in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
5. Compare the reactants and products of the light
reactions and the Calvin cycle.
6. Describe the properties and functions of the

different photosynthetic pigments.
7. Explain how photosystems capture solar energy.
8. Explain how the electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis generate ATP, NADPH, and
oxygen in the light reactions.
9. Compare photophosphorylation and oxidative
phosphorylation.
10. Describe the reactants and products of the
Calvin cycle.
11. Compare the mechanisms that C3, C4, and CAM

plants use to obtain and use carbon dioxide.
12. Review the overall process of the light reactions
and the Calvin cycle, noting the products,
reactants, and locations of every major step.
13. Describe the greenhouse effect.
14. Explain how the ozone layer forms, how human
activities have damaged it, and the
consequences of the destruction of the ozone
layer.

Figure 7.UN01
Light
energy
6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2
Carbon dioxide Water Oxygen gas
Photosynthesis Glucose
Figure 7.UN02
H 2O CO2
Light
NADP Stroma
Thylakoids ADP
P
Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2 Sugar
Figure 7.UN03
Mitochondrion Chloroplast
Intermembrane H c.
space
Membrane
Matrix d.
a.
b. e.
Figure 7.UN04
Photosynthesis
converts
includes both
(a)
(b) (c)
to
in which in which
chemical
energy
light-excited
H2O is split electrons of CO2 is fixed to
chlorophyll RuBP
and and then
(d) are passed reduce (h)

down NADP to
using
(f) to produce
(e)
producing
sugar
(g)
(G3P)
by
chemiosmosis

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Photosynthesis: Using Light to

Chapter 7 Make Food

PowerPoint Lectures for

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

 Plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Algae farms can be used to produce

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Light Reactions:

The Calvin Cycle: Photosynthesis Reviewed

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Photoautotrophs use the energy of light to produce

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Veins in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inner and outer

Leaf Cross Leaf

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inner and outer

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

105 nm 103 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm 1m 103 m

Gamma Micro- Radio

380 400 500 600 700 750

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Pigments in chloroplasts absorb photons (capturing

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Within a thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and other

 In the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll molecules

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 A photosystem consists of a number of light-

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The light energy is passed from molecule to

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Two types of photosystems (photosystem I and

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Between the two photosystems, the electrons

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Electron transport chain Light NADP  H NADPH

Electron transport chain

Electron transport chain Light NADP  H+ NADPH

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 ATP is generated because the electron transport

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The Calvin cycle uses these three ingredients to

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Step 3 Release of one 6 NADP