PowerPoint® Presentation

Chapter 4
Three-Phase Motors
Three-Phase Motor Construction • Stator
Construction • Rotor Construction •
Operating Principles • Electrical Degrees
• Synchronous Speed • Rotor Frequency
• Motor Load and Torque • Motor Torque
• Motor Power • Motor Efficiency • Motor
Energy Losses
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The stator consists of

a core and windings
and is enclosed within
a housing.
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Many individual laminated sheets are pressed

together into the housing, becoming the stator frame.
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A 3-phase stator is
wound with coils that
are connected to
produce the three
separate phases, A,
B, and C.
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During motor
manufacture, an
insulating material
called slot paper is
first laid in the slot
to provide
protection and
electrical
insulation.
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Varnish is sanded
from the bore to
allow for a minimal
air gap between the
stator and rotor.
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Feet are attached to the

housing to provide a
method of mounting the
motor to a base.
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The rotor core consists of

many thin iron sheets
laminated together.
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The end of the shaft is

machined with a keyway to
contain a bar-type key.
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It takes 720 electrical

degrees, or two electrical
cycles, to complete one
revolution in a 4-pole motor.
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Inductive reactance
increases with increasing
frequency and decreases
with decreasing
frequency.
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The sine curves show

–5 A for phase A, +10
A for phase B, and –5
A for phase C. The +
and – signs indicate
the direction of the
current and the
numbers represent
the magnitude of the
current.
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The motor nameplate typically has a wiring diagram

depicting the proper wiring connections for the
desired operation.
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In a wye-connected, 3-phase
motor, one end of each of
the three phases is internally
connected to the other
phases. The remaining end
of each phase is then
brought out externally to
form T1, T2, and T3.
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As the current changes,

the stator poles move to
follow the strongest
current.
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In a delta-connected, 3-phase
motor, each phase is wired
end-to-end to form a
completely closed circuit. At
each point where the phases
are connected, leads are
brought out externally to form
T1, T2, and T3.
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As the current changes,

the stator poles move to
follow the strongest
current.
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Each phase coil (A, B, and C) is divided

into two equal parts and the coils are
connected in a standard wye connection.
 Chapter 4 — Three-Phase Motors

Each phase coil (A, B, and C ) is divided

into two equal parts and the coils are
connected in a standard delta connection.
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Manufacturers of dual-voltage, 3-phase motors

sometimes do not make the internal connections. The
connections are made externally by the installer.
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The direction of
rotation of 3-phase
motors can be
reversed by
interchanging any two
of the 3-phase power
lines to the motor.
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Motor power is rated in

horsepower or watts.
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The four most

common types of
torque related to
motors are locked-
rotor torque, full-
load torque, pull-up
torque, and
breakdown torque.
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The torque-speed
characteristic of a
motor must match
the load the motor
is to drive.
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Constant-horsepower
motors are used to drive
loads that require the
same horsepower output
at different speeds.
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Constant-torque motors are

used to drive loads that require
a constant torque output at
different speeds.
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Variable-torque, multiple-
speed motors are used to
drive fans, pumps, and
blowers that require an
increase in both torque
and horsepower when
speed is increased.
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True power can be

produced only when
current and voltage are in
phase and both are
positive or both are
negative.
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For circuits with mixed

inductive and resistive
components, the current
lags the voltage by a
value between 0° and 90°.
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Power factor
correction
capacitors can be
placed ahead of an
electric motor drive
in the AC supply
lines but not
between the drive
and motor.
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The five major

components of motor
energy losses are
resistance losses,
core losses, bearing
losses, windage
losses, and sound
losses. These losses
add up to the total
loss of a motor.