Digital Modulation

Group Members: (G-8)

Abdul Haseeb (0024-BS-EE)
Hamza Hassan (0020-BS-EE)
Ghayyas Latif (0023-BS-EE)
1
Contents

 Modulation
 Need of Modulation
 Advantages of Modulation
 Modulation Types
 Amplitude Shift Keying
 Frequency Shift Keying
 Phase Shift Keying

2
Modulation
 In electronics and telecommunications,
modulation is the process of varying one or more
properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier
signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains
information to be transmitted.
 A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform --
constant height, or amplitude, and frequency.
 Information can be added to the carrier by varying its
amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization. For or
optical signals and even quantum-level phenomena
like spin.

3
Modulation Cont…

 A modulator is a device that performs modulation of carrier

and the baseband signal.
 A demodulator (sometimes detector or demod) is a device
that performs demodulation, the inverse of modulation.
 A modem (from modulator–demodulator) can perform both
operations.
 A transmitter is a group of electronic circuits designed to
convert the information into a signal for transmission over a
given communication medium.
 A receiver is a group of electronic circuits designed to
convert the signal back to the original information.

4
Modulation Cont…
 Similarly converting digital or analog information to a
waveform suitable for transmission over a given medium
is known as modulation.
 Involves varying some parameter of a carrier wave
(sinusoidal waveform) at a given frequency as a function
of the message signal
 – General sinusoid

5
Need Of Modulation
 By modulation we increase the frequency of message
signal.
 Reduce the height of antenna.
 Reduce the interference of signals.
 Make good reception of signal
as E=hf.

6
Types of Modulation
 Depending upon the type of data or information
associated with baseband signal, modulation is usually
divided into two basic types
 Analogue Modulation
 Digital Modulation
 Analog and digital modulation facilitate frequency
division multiplexing (FDM), where several low pass
information signals are transferred simultaneously over
the same shared physical medium.

7
Types of Modulation Cont…

8
Analogue Modulation
 There are many common modulation methods, including the
following :-
 Amplitude modulation (AM), in which the height of the
signal carrier is varied to represent the data being added to
the signal.
 Frequency modulation (FM), in which the frequency of the
carrier waveform is varied to reflect the frequency of the data.
 Phase modulation (PM), in which the phase of the carrier
waveform is varied to reflect changes in the frequency of the
data. In PM, the frequency is unchanged while the phase is
changed relative to the base carrier frequency. It is similar to
FM.

9
Amplitude Modulation

10
Frequency Modulation

11
Phase modulation

12
Digital Modulation
 Analog modulation refers to the process of transferring
digital low frequency baseband signal, like digital bit stream
from computers over a higher frequency carrier signal such as
a radio frequency band.
 Digital modulation in somewhat similar to the analog
modulation except base band signal is of discrete amplitude
level.
 For binary signal it has only two level, either high or logic 1 or
low or logic 0. The modulation scheme is mainly three types.
 ASK or Amplitude shift Key
 FSK or Frequency shift key
 PSK or Phase shift key

13
Digital Modulation Cont…

14
Advantages of Digital Modulation
 The main advantages of the digital modulation over
analogue modulation include :-
 available bandwidth
 high noise immunity
 permissible power
 more information capacity
 high data security
 quicker system availability with great quality
communication.

15
Amplitude Shift Keying

It is digital to analogue conversion technique.

Theamplitude of carrier signal varies with respect

to message signal.

16
ASK Modulation

17
ASK Modulation Cont...

It is process of generating ASK

18
ASK Modulation Cont...
 The ASK modulator block diagram comprises of the
carrier signal generator, the binary sequence from
the message signal and the band-limited filter.
 Following is the block diagram of the ASK Modulator.

19
ASK Modulation Cont...
 The carrier generator, sends a continuous high-
frequency carrier.
 The binary sequence from the message signal makes the
unipolar input to be either High or Low.
 The high signal closes the switch, allowing a carrier
wave. Hence, the output will be the carrier signal at high
input.

20
ASK Modulation Cont...
 When there is low input, the switch opens, allowing no
voltage to appear. Hence, the output will be low.
 The band-limiting filter, shapes the pulse depending
upon the amplitude and phase characteristics of the band-
limiting filter or the pulse-shaping filter.

21
ASK Modulation Cont...
 The following figure represents ASK modulated waveform
along with its input.

22
ASK Demodulation
 There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques.
They are −
 Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
 Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
 The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches
with the clock frequency at the receiver, it is known as
a Synchronous method, as the frequency gets
synchronized.
 Otherwise, it is known as Asynchronous.

23
Asynchronous ASK detector
 The Asynchronous ASK detector consists of a half-wave
rectifier, a low pass filter, and a comparator.
Following is the block diagram for the same.

24
Asynchronous ASK detector Cont…
 The modulated ASK signal is given to the half-wave
rectifier, which delivers a positive half output.
 The low pass filter suppresses the higher frequencies
and gives an envelope detected output from which the
comparator delivers a digital output.

25
Synchronous ASK detector
 Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law
detector, low pass filter, a comparator, and a
voltage limiter.
 Following is the block diagram for the same.

26
Synchronous ASK detector Cont…
 The ASK modulated input signal is given to the Square
law detector. A square law detector is one whose
output voltage is proportional to the square of the
amplitude modulated input voltage.
 The low pass filter minimizes the higher frequencies.
The comparator and the voltage limiter help to get a
clean digital output.

27
Applications of ASK
 Used in our infrared remote controls.
 Used in digital communication link such as cell
phone and cable T.V.
 Used in wireless links such as satellite TV and
high definition TV broadcast channels.
 Used in telegraphs worldwide.
 Another use of ASK is with fibre-optic data
transmission. With a high light intensity
representing a binary 1 and a low intensity
representing a binary 0.
 So, ASK is used in Fiber Optic Tx and Rx.
28
Advantages of ASK
 ASK modulation generation is very much easy.
 Both ASK modulation and demodulation processes are
relatively inexpensive.
 The ASK technique is also commonly used to transmit
digital data over optical fiber.
 There are many other advantages of ASK, Such
as Amplitude-shift keying transmitters are very simple and
transmitter current is lower than FSK.
 One important advantage of ASK is it need lees
bandwidth than FSK.

29
Disadvantages of ASK

 Unfortunately, ASK is linear and sensitive to

atmospheric conditions such as
 Noise
 Distortion
 propagation condition on different routes in PSTN.
 In such cases it may requires excessive bandwidth and
is therefore a waste of power.

30
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital
modulation technique in which the frequency of the
carrier signal varies according to the digital signal
changes.
 FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.
 The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in
frequency for a binary High input and is low in
frequency for a binary Low input.
 The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space
frequencies.

31
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Cont…
 The following image is the diagrammatic representation
of FSK modulated waveform along with its input.

32
FSK Modulation
 The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two
oscillators with a clock and the input binary
sequence.
 Following is its block diagram.

33
FSK Modulation Cont…
 The two oscillators, producing a higher and a lower
frequency signals, are connected to a switch along with
an internal clock.
 To avoid the abrupt phase discontinuities of the output
waveform during the transmission of the message, a
clock is applied to both the oscillators, internally.

34
FSK Modulation Cont…
 The binary input sequence is applied to the transmitter
so as to choose the frequencies according to the
binary input.

35
FSK Demodulation

 There are different methods for demodulating a FSK

wave.
 The main methods of FSK detection are
 Asynchronous detector
 Synchronous detector.
 The synchronous detector is a coherent one, while
asynchronous detector is a non-coherent one.

36
Asynchronous FSK detector
 The block diagram of Asynchronous FSK detector
consists of two band pass filters, two envelope
detectors, and a decision circuit.
 Following is the diagrammatic representation.

37
Asynchronous FSK detector Cont…
 The FSK signal is passed through the two Band Pass
Filters (BPFs), tuned to Space and Mark frequencies. The
output from these two BPFs look like ASK signal, which
is given to the envelope detector. The signal in each
envelope detector is modulated asynchronously.

38
Asynchronous FSK detector Cont…
 The decision circuit chooses which output is more
likely and selects it from any one of the envelope
detectors.
 It also re-shapes the waveform to a rectangular one.

39
Synchronous FSK detector
 The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector consists
of two mixers with local oscillator circuits, two
band pass filters and a decision circuit.
 Following is the diagrammatic representation.

40
Synchronous FSK detector Cont…
 The FSK signal input is given to the two mixers with
local oscillator circuits. These two are connected to
two band pass filters. These combinations act as
demodulators and the decision circuit chooses
which output is more likely and selects it from any one of
the detectors.

41
Synchronous FSK detector Cont…
 For both of the demodulators, the bandwidth of each
of them depends on their bit rate.
 This synchronous demodulator is a bit complex than
asynchronous type demodulators.

42
Applications, Advantages and
Disadvantages of FSK
Applications
 It is used on voice grade lines for data rates upto 1200 bps.
 It is used for high frequency radio transmission from 3 to 30 MHz.
 It is also used in coaxial cable based LAN at higher frequencies.
 Many modems used FSK.
Advantages
 It has lower probability of error (Pe).
 It provides high SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).
 It has higher immunity to noise due to constant envelope.
 Hence it is robust against variation in attenuation through channel.
 FSK transmitter and FSK receiver implementations are simple for low
data rate application.

43
Applications, Advantages and
Disadvantages of FSK Cont…
Disadvantages
 Following are the disadvantages of FSK:
 It uses larger bandwidth compare to other modulation
techniques such as ASK and PSK. Hence it is not
bandwidth efficient.
 The BER (Bit Error Rate) performance in AWGN channel
is worse compare to PSK modulation.
Additional Advantage
 In order to overcome drawbacks of BFSK, multiple FSK
modulation techniques with more than two frequencies
have been developed. In MFSK (Multiple FSK), more than
one bits are represented by each signal elements.

44
Phase Shift Keying
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation
technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is
changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a
particular time. PSK technique is widely used for wireless
LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID
and Bluetooth communications.
 PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal
gets shifted. They are −
 BPSK
 QPSK

45
BPSK

 This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal

Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two
phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.

 BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier

(DSBSC) modulation scheme, for message being the
digital information.

46
BPSK Modulation
 The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists
of the balance modulator which has the carrier sine
wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other
input. Following is the diagrammatic representation.

47
BPSK Modulation Cont…
 The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance
modulator, which multiplies the two signals
applied at the input. For a zero binary input, the phase
will be 0° and for a high input, the phase reversal is
of 180°.

48
BPSK Modulation Cont…
 Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK
Modulated output wave along with its given input.


49
BPSK Demodulation
 The block diagram of BPSK demodulator consists of a
mixer with local oscillator circuit, a bandpass filter,
a two-input detector circuit. The diagram is as
follows.
 By recovering the band-limited message signal, with the
help of the mixer circuit and the band pass filter, the first
stage of demodulation gets completed.

50
BPSK Demodulation Cont…
 In the next stage of demodulation, the bit clock rate is
needed at the detector circuit to produce the
original binary message signal.
 If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier
frequency, then the bit clock regeneration is simplified.
To make the circuit easily understandable, a decision-
making circuit may also be inserted at the 2nd stage of
detection.

51
QPSK
 This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine
wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°,
180°, and 270°.

 If this kind of techniques are further extended, PSK can

be done by eight or sixteen values also, depending
upon the requirement.

52
QPSK Modulation
 The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two
multipliers with local oscillator, a 2-bit serial to
parallel converter, and a summer circuit.
 Following is the block diagram for the same.

53
QPSK Modulation Cont…
 At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits
(i.e., 2nd bit, 4th bit, 6th bit, etc.) and odd bits (i.e., 1st bit,
3rd bit, 5th bit, etc.) are separated by the bits splitter and
are multiplied with the same carrier to generate odd
BPSK (called as PSKI) and even BPSK (called as PSKQ).
 The PSKQ signal is anyhow phase shifted by 90° before
being modulated.

54
QPSK Modulation Cont…
 The QPSK waveform for two-bits input is as follows,
which shows the modulated result for different instances
of binary inputs.

55
QPSK Demodulation
 The QPSK Demodulator uses two product
demodulator circuits with local oscillator, two
band pass filters, two integrator circuits, and a 2-
bit parallel to serial converter.
 Following is the diagram for the same.

56
QPSK Demodulation Cont…
 The two product detectors at the input of demodulator
simultaneously demodulate the two BPSK signals. The
pair of bits are recovered here from the original data.
These signals after processing, are passed to the parallel
to serial converter.

57
Advantages of PSK
 It carries data over RF signal more efficiently compare to
other modulation types. Hence it is more power efficient
modulation technique compare to ASK and FSK.
 It is less susceptible to errors compare to ASK
modulation and occupies same bandwidth as ASK.
 Higher data rate of transmission can be achieved using
high level of PSK modulations such as QPSK (represents
2 bits per constellation), 16-QAM (represents 4 bits per
constellation) etc

58
Disadvantages of PSK
 Following are the disadvantages of PSK:
 It has lower bandwidth efficiency.
 The binary data is decoded by estimation of phase states
of the signal. These detection and recovery algorithms are
very complex.
 Multi-level PSK modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM etc.)
are more sensitive to phase variations.
 It is also one form of FSK and hence it also offers lower
bandwidth efficiency compare to ASK modulation type.

59
 Thank You…

60