GOOD DAY!

HOUSE RULES
Sit up, listen and heads up.
Be an active participant and not as
spectator/observer
Be open for new leaning
 WHAT DO YOU NEED?
A piece of paper/notebook
 Pencil/ Ball pen

 Suggested printed material

OBJECTIVES
 Describe the purpose and parts of an
investigatory project, robotics and artificial
intelligent machine.
 Write an investigatory proposal after the
seminar writeshop
 Critique a good investigatory project and
proposal ***
 Produce an investigatory project using
IMRAD format. ***
 INTENDED OUTPUTS ( BY AREA OF
FIELD/ INDIVIDUAL)
Task 1A Organizing Your Literature
Task 1B My Research Conceptual Tags
Task 1C Defining your Conceptual Tags
Task 2 Flow Chart of the Study
Task 3 Working Title and Statement of the Problem
Task 4A Exploring Research Introduction
Task 4B Organizing My Literature: My Research Data Base
Task 4C Dendogramming
Task 5 My Research Introduction
Task 6 Re-writing my Introduction
INDUSTRY AND THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION
What do we expect to change in the future?
 “RESEARCH IS NOT
JUST A PART OF SCIENCE BUT
ALSO A WAY OF THINKING AND
DOING THINGS”
-DR. GLEN R. MANGALI-
 STANDARDS OF THE
DISCIPLINE

Inquiry Discovery
MAK TAK
Mainstream Transformative
Academic Academic
Knowledge Knowledge
WHAT IS A RESEARCH?
It is a planned work in a particular field

It calls for
creativity
critical thinking
and action.
It is a Scientific method in
action. It applies certain
principles or ideas.
ACTIVITY 1: WHAT DO YOU LIKE,
A OR B?
BASIC RESEARCH:
For example, basic science investigations probe for
answers to questions such as:
 How did the universe begin?

 What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed

of?
 How do slime molds reproduce?

 What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?

ON BASIC RESEARCH

People cannot foresee

the future well enough
to predict what's going
to develop from basic
research. If we only did
applied research, we
would still be making
better spears."

Dr. George Smoot

ON APPLIED RESEARCH
 Applied research is designed to solve practical
problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire
knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might say that
the goal of the applied scientist is to improve the
human condition.
 For example, applied researchers may investigate ways
to:
 improve agricultural crop production
 treat or cure a specific disease
 improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or
modes of transportation
BASIC VS. APPLIED RESEARCH
 BASIC VS. APPLIED RESEARCH

Source:Read more: Difference Between Basic Research and Applied Research | Difference
Between http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-basic-research-and-applied-
research/#ixzz5n6nSfB59
PURPOSE OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
(SIP AND RIM)

1.Apply / demonstrate scientific

principles or attempt to provide new
knowledge.
2. Be a result of continuing or parallel
scientific research and investigation &
not a copy of any previous research.
3. Have socio-economic significance
and relevance to livelihood
development.

4. Contribute to the advancement of

Science and Technology and the
development of the community.
 STEPS IN
CONDUCTING
S.I.P.
 WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN
PREPARING A GOOD S.I.P/RIM?
STEP 1: SELECT A TOPIC THAT
IS INTERESTING TO YOU.
KNOW YOUR EXPERTISE

What is your field of

expertise?
CHOOSING A TOPIC

home
community
IF YOU ONLY LOOK AROUND….
MAC
MAC
 STEP 2
IMMERSE YOURSELF IN THE
LITERATURE

How to identify the right literature

source?
 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TECHNOLOGY-
DRIVEN LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. EBSCO
2. ELSEVIER
3. PROQUEST
4. DOAJ
5. EMERALD
6. JSTOR
 STEP 3 ORGANIZE YOUR LITERATURE
RESEARCHER/ MAJOR DELINEATED LOCUS METHOD
S OBJECTIVE FACTORS

Mangali , Examine the Aedes Philippines Experimenta

Glen, larvicidal aegypti, l
Habana, efficiency of Piper
Roselle et. al Piper nigrum nigrum,
2013) L. and Carica
Carica papaya seed,
papaya seed crude
crude extracts,
extracts on larvicide
Aedes
aegypti.
 TASK 1A

ORGANIZING YOUR LITERATURE

 STEP 4 IDENTIFY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL
TAGS

KEY QUESTION:
Which among the identified conceptual
tags/parameters/variables/ are considered
IMPORTANT and CONTROVERSIAL in
the field where I belong?
STEP 4 IDENTIFY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL TAGS
COCEPTUAL LITERATURE IS IT CT IS THE CT ORDER OF
TAGS SOURCE STILL STILL PRIORITY
(Key ( AUTHORS, IMPORTANT? CONTROVER
Concepts) YEAR) SIAL?
1. TOPIC 1 Author A I 2
2. TOPIC 2 Author B I 3
3. TOPIC 3 Author C 4
4. TOPIC 4 Author D I I 1
I- YES
X- NO

Research Problem Indicators:

1. When there is an absence of information resulting in a gap in our
knowledge
2. When there are contradictory results
3. When a fact exists and your intend to make your study explain it
 TASK 1B
MY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL
TAGS
DEFINING RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL TAGS

CONCEPTUAL TAG LEXICAL Operational

DEFINITION Definition ( how
( According to the term is/will be
Authoritative used in the paper)
Sources)
 TASK 1C
DEFINING YOUR CONCEPTUAL TAGS
STEP 5 DEVELOP YOUR RESEARCH SIMULACRUM
(RESEARCH MODEL)/ FLOWCHART
 FLOWCHART
Larvicidal activity of Piper nigrum and Carica papaya seed extract against Aedes egypti
third instar larvae

Air-dried and
Gathering of crushed
powdered then
Carica papaya and P.
nigrum seeds
afterwards
commercially. underwent rotary
evaporation.

48 hours exposure of
Rearing of third
20 third instar larvae
instar larvae at
at varied
laboratory condition.
concentrations.

Recording results and

comparing them from
the varied set of
concentrations.
TASK 2
FLOW CHART OF THE STUDY
ACTIVITY 2
2W AND 1H QUESTION PATTERN
 STEP 6: FORMULATE THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM OR PURPOSE
 Your problem statement should explain what it is
you are trying to discover (or study) .
 The statement should be written in the form of a
question.
 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
 A clear and concise statement of the problem is
important for :
1. It provides a focus for the researcher and is an
essential step in investigation; and
2. It gives the reader and use of the research
important information.
 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
The statement of the problem should not
be too general nor too specific
It should contain sufficient details and
information in a sentence that is clear and
succint
EXAMPLE:

1. The purpose of this research is

to study seagrass.
2. This study investigates the
relationship of morphology of
crustacean
EXAMPLE:
1. The purpose of this research is to identify the
species of seagrass collected from the shoreline
of six towns in Iloilo namely Joaquin, Tigbuan,
Carles, Mag-ao, Estancia and Dumangas and to
describe its demographic characterstics by
comparing its mean, age, gross recruitment,
mortality rate and net recruiting nutrients and
reproductive dynamics by determining the
frequency and seasonality of flowering and its
vegetative dynamics by determining the vertical
growth rate of shoots and horizontal elongation
rate of rhizomes.
WHAT IS THE RIGHT STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM

This study will describe the

community structures of
seagrassess in coastal
areas in Iloilo.
1. The problem must be researchable

( one that can be answered by

collecting and analyzing data)

2. The problem should be important

( results of research need to have theoretical

and practical importance)
3. The problem should indicate the
type of research

The language used in the research problem

should indicate whether the study have a simple
description, relationship or difference
A. Relationship problems that
indicate correlation

What is the relationship between ion concentration

and voltage output?

Is there a relationship between density and refractive

index?
B. Relationship problems that
indicate studies of difference

Is amylase activity different in two species of tilapia?

What is the difference in the protein content of goat’s

milk and cow’s milk?
C. Relationship problems that indicate
cause-and-effect relationships

Will starving increase the amylase activity of tilapia?

Is there a difference in the amount of dissolved

oxygen between the water samples treated with
seaweeds than that which is not treated?
4. The problem should specify the population

The population is SIMPLY THE

ORGANISMS that the researcher wants to
investigate

5. The problem should specify the variables

NAME the variables and HOW they may be
RELATED in a single sentence
6. The problem should be
clear
- Includes terms that are not
ambiguous. The terms effect,
effective, achievement,
method, role are
AMBIGUOUS.
A successful research problem indicates
unambiguously the WHAT and HOW of
the research by using the declarative
sentences like
 “ The purpose of this study is to… or
questions such as “ What is the
relationhsip between .....” Is there a
significant difference between.....”
How do...... , What is.....”
 Either type sentence is acceptable
EXAMPLE
 This study aims to design a prototype of a
computer-based Card Swipe Time-Keeping
and Attendance System for Siena College
using light sensor that will read color-coded
cards as means of establishing employee
identity.
 What is the amount of tannin that can be
extracted from the leaves, seeds and barks
of Ipil-ipil and Mahogany trees with the use
of the hot water extraction technique.
 RESEARCH QUESTION TYPOLOGIES
Sample Questions General form

CAUSAL RESEARCH Does X cause Y?

• Do red light affects the
growth of the plant?

•Does plant exposed to red Does X cause more of Y ?

light taller than plant
exposed to green light?
EXAMPLE:

Doesred light affect the growth of a

mungbean plant?

Vigna radiata (L.)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 The research objectives reflect the questions
whose answers the investigators want the study
to yield.
 It can be expressed in the form of a statement or
a question
 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ( EXAMPLE)

To measure the amount of

hemoglobin( g/dL) in the blood of
mice after 5 minutes exposure to
gamma radiation
OR
What is the hemoglobin level (g/dL)
of the blood of mice after 5 minutes
exposure to gamma radiation?
 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

 The objectives of the study are very

important since they provide the general
direction in the conduct of the research.
 They are used as guides in specifying the
variables of the study.
 The choice of the research design to be
used, the data to be collected, as well as
the interpretation of the results all depend
upon the objectives developed.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES – Generic
statement which describes in BROAD
TERMS what the study wishes to
accomplish

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES – Identify in

detail and in MEASURABLE TERMS the
aims of the research.
- it breaks down what needs to be
accomplished into smaller and logical
components
 EXAMPLES

General Objectives:
To determine the antihypherglycemic
property of ampalaya diet on white mice.

Specific Objectives:
1. To detemine the blood glucose level
(mg/dL) of white mice before and after
ampalaya diet.
2. To compare the blood glucose level
(mg/dL) of white mice before and after
ampalaya diet.
 EXAMPLES

General Objectives:
To propagate yellow sweet corn using
tissue culture.

Specific Objectives:
1. To measure the length of shoots (mm)
of yellow sweet corn grown using callus
culture after 3 weeks
2. To determine the proliferation rate
(mm/day) of yellow sweet corn using
callus culture.
 THE SMART OBJECTIVES
 Specific

 Measurable
 Attainable

 Result-based

 Time-bound
S – PECIFIC
It is phrased clearly and unambigously. This
attempt to focus on a clear goal gives
direction to the research process.
To study fruit fly
To determine the effect of
environmental factors on lightwaves
To determine the effect of mulching on
plants
To produce a robot.
S – PECIFIC
To study fruit flies.
could be….
To determine the reproductive
capacity of Drosophila melanogaster
exposed to gamma radiatio in terms
of number and sex ratio of the
offspring.
M – EASURABLE
It can be accomplished through
experimentation and measurement or data
gathering. It can be described qualitatively or
quantitatively.

To identify the role of mangroves on the

population of mollusks.
To determine the significance of
sunlight on Vibrio.
M – EASURABLE
To identify the role of mangroves on the population
of mollusks
could be….
To compare the relative abundance of
gastropods in natural and rehabilitated
mangrove forest.
A – TTAINABLE
It should be feasible or accomplished given the
availability of materials, expertise on the conduct of
data gathering and time.

To map the gene sequence of different species of

banana
To compare the growth and development of
hornbills in a disturbed and undisturbed forest.
R – ESULT-BASED

It is stated in a way that the answer to the

objectives is based on the results of the
thoroughly designed experimentation or data
gathering.
Ex. To appreciate the importance of antennae
in insects.
T – IMEBOUND
It should be accomplished given the
duration of the conduct of the study.

To describe the inheritance of left-

handedness on human being.
To compute for the rate of decay of
radioactive isotopes.
AVOID

to study
to know
to research
CHOICES… to identify
to measure
to compare
to develop
to describe
to classify
to test
to analyze
…...............and a lot more
THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
 Educated “guesses” or tentative
explanations about a correct solution to a
problem, descriptions, possible
relationships or difference.
 the expectation or prediction of the
investigator about what the results will be
A statement of the researcher’s
expectation about how the variables in the
study are related
 A prediction made prior to data collection
 PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS
1. It provides focus that integrates
information
2. It is testable
3. It allows the researcher to know
what to do
4. It allows the researcher to confirm
or disconfirm a theory
 PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS

5. It provides a framework for

developing explanations that can be
scientifically investigated
6. It provides evidence of the
predictive nature of the relationship
between the variables
7. It provides a useful framework for
organizing and summarizing the
results an conclusions of the research
Research hypothesis –
declarative statement of the
results the investigator expects to
find.
 A. DIRECTIONAL – NATURE OF
EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP IS STATED

 The 1:1 clay-talaba shell ratio will have higher

breaking strength than 1:2 clay talaba shell
ratio.
 Phytoplankton in surface waters will have more
chlorophyl a content than those in benthic
environment
 Tilapia fed with fortified feeds will be heavier
than those fed with organic feeds.
 There is a positive relationship between water
salinity and density of Halobacter.
 B. NONDIRECTIONAL
 If the researcher believes there will difference or
relationship but is unsure about the nature of it

 There will be difference in the blood glucose level

(mg/dL) of mice before and after ampalaya meal
 There will be a relationship in the temperature of soil and
the reproductive rate of earthworm.
TASK 3
WORKING TITLE AND STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
STEP 7 WRITING THE RESEARCH TITLE
Basic Questions Asked:
1. Does the title describe what the study is
all about?
2. Does the title contain high specificity
level?
3. Is the title academically phrased and is
not verbose?
4. Is the title within the 10-12 substantive
word requirement of the American
Psychological Association (APA)?
TITLE

 is a statement of the question or problem.

For example:
If you are asking a question
about the inheritance patterns
of the gene for aldehyde oxidase
production in Drosophila melanogaster

What possible title might be?

 POSSIBLE TITLE?

"Inheritance in Fruit Flies"

..too general.
 "A STUDY OF THE
INHERITANCE OF THE
ENZYME ALDEHYDE
OXIDASE IN THE FRUIT
FLY DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER"

..too wordy.
THE WORDS "A STUDY OF THE"
ARE SUPERFLUOUS AND
“ENZYME ALDEHYDE OXIDASE”
AND FRUIT FLY
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER"
ARE REDUNDANT.
 THE SUFFIX -ASE INDICATES
THAT ALDEHYDE OXIDASE IS AN
ENZYME, AND MOST SCIENTISTS
KNOW THAT DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER IS THE
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF A COMMON
FRUIT FLY
SPECIES.
 NOTE:
HOWEVER, IT IS APPROPRIATE TO INCLUDE IN
THE TITLE BOTH
COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF LESSER
KNOWN SPECIES.
WHAT IS THE BEST
TITLE FOR THIS
EXAMPLE?
"Inheritance of the Gene for Aldehyde Oxidase
in Drosophila melanogaster."
The best time to determine the title is after you
have written the text, so that the title will reflect
the paper's content.

• BRIEF but ACCURATE

• grammatically correct

• complete enough to STAND ALONE

• two- or three-word title may be too vague,
but a 14- or 15-word title is unnecessarily
long.

• Avoid phrases such as “on the”, “a study

of”, “research on”, “report on”, “regarding”,
and “use of”.

• omit “the” at the beginning of the title

STEP 8 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
• It provides the rationale for the current study.
What gap in knowledge did you try to fill? What
controversy did you try to resolve?
• It should forward the paper’s hypotheses.
• It usually requires a research model or
simulacrum.
• It should end in a CENTRAL
QUESTION to be answered by the report.
A literature review is an account of
what has been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and researchers.
Its purpose is to convey to readers
what knowledge and ideas have been
established on a topic and what their
strengths and weaknesses are.
The main focus of your academic
research paper is to develop a new
argument.
The literature review serves as a
foundation and as support for a new
insight that you’ll contribute.
Reviewed Literature( Black spot or
blind Spot)
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the study
Scope and Limitation
IN ROBOTICS AND INTELLIGENT MACHINES
2- Describe the
foundation
4 - Underlying
Equation
5 - Add figure to
easy understand
your study
2- Describe the
foundation
3 – Give
sufficient
technical details
5 - Add figure to
easy understand
your study
TASK 4A
EXPLORING RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
TASK 4B: ORGANIZING MY
LITERATURE: MY RESEARCH DATA
BASE
TASK 4C: DENDOGRAM
TASK 4 DENDOGRAMMING
Adapted from de Castro,B. 2016
TASK 5A:
MY RESEARCH INTRODUCTION
TASK 6:
RE-WRITING MY INTRODUCTION
 STEP 9 PREPARING THE RESEARCH
MATRIX

Research Research Research Data Analysis

Objectives Approach Technique
Examine the Quantitative Experimental Genome
inheritance marking and
pattern of analysis
Aldehyde
Oxidase in
Drosophila
melanogaster
 STEP 10: RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTATION (MATERIALS
AND METHODS)
Scientists use the following terms:

Subject: What is being tested.

Variables: Conditions that are changed.

Independent variable: The variable that is

changed and controlled by you.
Dependent variable: The variable that changes
and is not controlled by you.

Controls: All the conditions that are not

changed.
• This section describes your
experiment.

•The information in this section comes

from the Procedures of the experiment.
In the paper, this information should not
be a list of steps.

•The materials and methods should be

in paragraph form and in past tense.
• Include levels of treatment, numbers of
replications, and control treatments.

• If living organisms is used, include the species

and the sex of the organism if that information is
relevant to the experiment.

• DO NOT try to justify your procedures in this section.

• Write the procedures concisely, but in paragraph

form.
LIFE SCIENCE ( BASIC RESEARCH)
Effects of Multivitamins and Known Teratogens
on Chick Cardiomyocytes Micromass Culture
Assay
Materials and Methods
 Chemicals and solutions

 Micromass culture preparation

 End points

 Cellular differentiation

 Resazurin reduction assay

 Kenacid blue total protein assay

 Statistical analysis
LIFE SCIENCE
CD24 Expression Identifies Teratogen-Sensitive Fetal
Neural Stem Cell Subpopulations: Evidence from
Developmental Ethanol Exposure and Orthotopic Cell
Transfer Models
Materials and Methods
 Ethics Statement

 Neurosphere Culture

 Maternal Ethanol Exposure Paradigm

 Real-Time PCR

 Flow Cytometry

 Apoptosis Assay

 Immunofluorescence Analysis

 Immuno-magnetic Cell Selection and Depletion

 Ultrasound Guided Trans-Uterine Neural Stem Cell

 Microinjection

 Statistical Analysis
STEP 11 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

When you complete your experiments,

examine and organize your findings.
Explain what happen.
• This section is presentation of data.
• The authors report what happened in their
experiments.
• The report is usually supplemented with:

• graphs

• tables

• photographs
• Number figures and tables
consecutively throughout the paper.

• Refer to figures and tables within the

paragraph as you describe your results,
using the word Figure or Table,
followed by its number. For example,
"(Figure 1)."
• If possible, place each figure or table
at the end of the paragraph in which it is
cited.

• Include your statistical analysis in the

Results section. Report your data as
accurately as possible as it happens.
Do not report what you expected to
happen in the experiment.

Do not discuss the meaning of your

results in this section.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS:

1. Did your experiment give you expected results?

Why or why not?

2. Was the experiment performed with the exact

steps each time?

3. If possible, statistically analyze your data.

DISCUSSION
• This section is where you will
analyze and interpret the results of
your experiment.

• The figures and tables in the Results

section will be particularly important
as you begin to think about your
discussion.
• The tables allow you to present
your results clearly to the reader.
• The graphs allow you to visualize
the effects that the independent
variable has had on the dependent
variables in your experiment.
1- Explain why
you make the
experiment
2-Motivate
simulation and
real-robot
experiments
3- Give a detailed
explanation of
the individual
experiments
4- Use graphs
and tables to
summarize your
experiment
5–Perform
statistical Test
• The purpose of the discussion is
to interpret and compare the
results.
• Be objective; point out the features
and limitations of the work.
• Relate your results to current knowledge in
the field and to your original purpose in
undertaking the project:
1. Have you resolved the problem?
2. What exactly have you contributed?
3. Briefly state the logical implications of
your results.
4. Suggest further study or applications if
warranted.
 STEP 12: CONCLUSIONS AND
GENERALIZATION
The conclusion answers the title question
or problem and should contain a full
interpretation of the results you found
throughout the experiment.
Explain why it happened.
 A Model of the Science Research Process

Planning Evaluating
Identify the problem Revise Evaluate the design of the
methods and experiment and the
techniques or methods used
Identify the variables techniques

Evaluate findings in relation

Formulate a hypothesis to the problem question or
Reformulate hypothesis
Operationalize variables; problem or
plan the design and hypothesis
procedure
Revise
Processing
methods and
use science knowledge to
techniques
develop explanations for
Conducting patterns, trends or
Conduct preliminary relationships
trials
Analyses data: identify
Carry out the experiment pattern or trends in data and
Observe, measure and relationships between
record data variables

Organize data, calculate,

make tables and construct
graphs
ACTIVITY 3
SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN ACTION
 PART I-B
KNOWING THE PARTS OF A
PUBLISHABLE PAPER
 THESIS FORMAT
IMRAD
Chapter 1: The Problem: Rationale
and Background
Title •Introduction
Authorship and Affiliation •Statement of the Problem
•Theoretical Framework
Abstract (100-150 •Significance of the Study
•Scope and Limitation
word count) •Hypothesis
•Assumptions
1.0 Introduction •Definition of Terms
2.0 Theoretical Background
Chapter 2 : Review of Related
2.1 Theoretical Framework
Literature
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Research Model Chapter 3 : Research Methodology
(Simulacrum) •Research Design
3.0 Methods •Research Locale
3.1 Subjects •Population and Sampling
3.2 Instruments •Research Instrumentation
•Data Gathering Procedure
3.3 Data Collection &
•Statistical analysis
Procedure •Ethical consideration
3.4 Data Analysis
3.5 Ethical Consideration Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis
4.0 Results/ Findings and Interpretation of Data
157
5.0 Discussion Chapter 5 : Summary, Conclusion
6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
Adapted from prepared slide of
7.0 References Golda Aira V. Crisostomo, Ph.D.
WHAT IS IT?
 IMRAD, which stands
for Introduction,
Methods, Results and
Discussion is a
standard layout for
academic journal
articles.
 It also typically requires
a title, abstract, tables
and figures,
acknowledgments and
references to literature
cited.
WHAT IS IT?
 It requires suitable
background
knowledge so that the
paper:

1) complies with
widely recognized
publication standards

2) is approved in the
peer-review process
with the minimum of
amendments
 THIS IS WHAT A TYPICAL THESIS
MIGHT LOOK LIKE.

This is what a typical thesis might look

like.
This is what a Publishable Article (IMRAD)
might look like.
162
WHAT IT IS?
 “Short and sweet”
 Must have only 4,000
to 6,000 word count
 Single spaced

 Font size: 11

 Length: 10 to 15 pages
BENEFITS OF IMRAD
 It is concise.
 IMRAD structure facilitates
modular reading.
 Readers usually do not read
in a linear way but browse
in each section of article,
looking for specific
information.
 This is normally found in
pre-established areas of the
paper.
WINNERS IN 2018
 From 2012 to 2018, the Philippines has
already won four Second Awards,
which entitles the winning delegates
the prestige of having asteroids named
after them by the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA); two
Third Awards; and 10 Fourth Awards.
 Will you be the next winner?