SENSORY

ORGANS
EYE
EAR
TONGUE
SKIN
NOSE
 EYE
SENSORY ORGAN
 ANATOMY

GLOBE
COATS
FIBROUS COAT
VASCULAR COAT
NERVOUS COAT

LENS
AQUEOUS HUMOUR
VITREOUS HUMOUR
 Aqueous humor

Fovea Optic nerve

Cornea
Pupil
Lens

Iris

Retina

Vitreous humor
Aqueous humor

Cornea
Lens
Pupil
Vitreous humor

Iris
 ACCOMODATION

DISTANT OBJECT
NEARER OBJECT
ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE LENS
Ganglion cells Bipolar cells Photoreceptors

Cones

Rods

Amacrine cells Horizontal cells

 PHOTOCHEMISTRY
RODS [LIGHT SENSITIVE]
• OPSIN +RETININE =RHODOPSIN
• LIGHT EXPOSURE

RHODOPSIN

SCOTOPSIN RETININE
• DARK EXPOSURE
SCOTOPSIN + RETININE RHODOPSIN
RETININE + REDUCED VITAMIN A
• DIM LIGHT [SCOTOPIC VISION]
 CONES

OPSIN(PHOTOPSIN) + RETININE
THREE TYPES OF CONES
THREE TYPES OFPRIME COLORS [RPG]
COLOR VISION
BRIGHT LIGHT  MAXIMUM PERCEPTION 
FOVEA
DIM LIGHT  MAXIMUM PERCEPTION 
EXTRAFOVEA
CONES
 RESULT

NERVE IMPULSES
FROM : GANGLION CELLS
TO : OCCIPITAL LOBE
 VISUAL PATHWAY

RETINA TO OCCIPITAL LOBE

BLIND SPOT
 Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Optic tract

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Optic radiation

Primary visual cortex

EMETROPIA
 AMETROPIA

MYOPIA
HYPERMETROPIA
ASTIGMATISM
PRESBIOPIA
 MYOPIA

INCREASED ANTERIO-POSTERIOR
DIAMETER
LIGHT FOCUSED : INFRONT OF
RETINA
SHORT SIGHTNESS
CORRECTION :CONCAVE LENS
 HYPERMETROPIA

DECREASED ANTERIOPOSTERIOR
DIAMETER
LIGHT FOCUSED : BEHIND THE
RETINA
LONG SIGHTTEDNESS
CORRECTION : CONVEX LENS
 PRESBYOPIA
RDUCTION IN THE AMPLITUDE OF
ACCOMODATION
REASON : LENS CHANGES
[AGING]
ADVICE : CONVEX LENS FOR READING
 Light

Lens

Focal
plane

Emmetropia Myopia Hyperopia Presbyopia

(normal) (nearsightedness) (farsightedness) (aged)
ASTIGMATISM
DISEASES IN THE MEDIA
 OPTOMERTRY

SCIENCE DEALING WITH OPTICS

OPTOMETRIST
TO ACCESS REFRACTIVE
ERRORS
THEY PROVIDE GLASSES
 RETINOPATHY

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
BALLON SWELLINGS
HAEMORRHAGE
LASER THERAPY
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
 RETINOPATHY

HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
NARROWING
HAEMORRHAGE
RETINAL DETACHMENT
LASER THERAPY
 CATARACT

OPACITY IN THE LENS

REASON : PROTEIN COAGULATION
CATARACT
 CATARACT CAUSES
AGING
SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE
SMOKING
POOR NUTRITION
TRAUMA
SYSTEMIC DISORDERS –DM,SYPHILIS
DRUGS – STEROIDS
GERMAN MEASLES –RUBELLA
SYNDROME
CONGENITAL CATARACT
CATARACT PREVENTION

AVOID SMOKING
TAKE NUTRITIOUS FOOD
SUN GLASSES
AVOID INJURY
 CATARACT TYPES

NUCLEAR CATARACT
PERIPHERAL CATARACT
 CATARACT EFFECTS

DIMINISHED VISION
DIMINISHED VISION
 CATARACT TREATMENT

SURGERY
CLEAR LENS REPLACEMENT [ CLR]
INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION [IOL]
ARTIFICIAL LENS
 NYCTALOPIA

NIGHT BLINDNESS
REASON : VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
RODS & CONES NEED VITAMIN A
EYE INFECTIONS
SCLERITIS
 CONJUNCTIVITIS
BACTERIALRED +YELLOW DISCHARGE

VIRAL RED +COLD – DISCHARGE

ALLERGY  RED +ITCHING +WATERY

DISCHARGE

FOREIGN BODY  RED + FOREIGN BODY

BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
FOREIGN BODY
TRAUMATIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
 STYE

INFECTION OF THE GLANDS AT

THE LIDMARGIN
SWELLING , PAIN ,IRRITATION.
TREATMENT
ANTIBIOTIC EYE DROPS OR
OINTMENT
 GLAUCOMA

INCREASED INTRAOCULAR
PRESSURE
PRESSURE ON OPTIC DISC
PRESSURE ON ARTERIES
CAUSES:
INFECTION
TRAUMA
UNKNOWN
 EYE CARE

PERIODIC EYE CHECKUP

FALL OF FOREIGN BODY

CONSULT DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY

NO SELF MEDICATION
 EAR

ANATOMY

PARTS
EXTERNAL EAR
MIDDLE EAR
INTERNAL EAR
EXTERNAL EAR
 Cochlea
Outer ear
Ossicles
(pinna)

Ear drum
(tympanic membrane)
Ear canal
 COCHLEA

ORGAN OF CORTI
SCALA MEDIA
SCALA TYMPANI
SCALA VESTIBULI
REISSNER’S MEMBRANE
BASILAR MEMBRANE
PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING
 Hair cells

Basilar membrane
Hight frequency

Base: narrow and tight Apex: wide and loose

Low frequency
Stapes
 DEFECTS

HEARING LOSS
HEARING IMPAIRMENT
TYPES OF HEARING LOSS

CONDUCTIVE
SENSORY
MIXED
NEURAL
 HEARING AID

MOVIE
 SKIN
LAYERS
EPIDERMIS
DERMIS

FUNCTIONS
 MELANIN FORMATION

PIGMENT
HAIR,SKIN,EYE,ADRENAL GLANDS
TYROSINE MELANIN
GENERALISED HYPERPIGMENTATION

ADDISON’S DISEASE
CHLOASMA
CHRONIC ARSENCAL POISONIG
CHLOASMA
GENERALISED HYPOPIGMENTATION

ALBINISM
ALBINISM
LOCALISED HYPOPIGMENTATION

LEUCODERMA
VITILIGO
LEPROSY,….
VITILIGO
LEPROSY
SKIN GRAFTING
 DERMATITIS

INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN

CONTACT DERMATITIS
PHOTODERMATITIS
CONTACT DERMATITIS
 TONGUE

PARTS
TASTEB BUDS
BITTER ,SOUR ,SWEET AND SALT