Magnetism

A moving charge or a current creates a

magnetic field in the surrounding space
(in addition to its electric field).
The magnetic field exerts a force on any
other moving charge or current that is
present in the field.
Magnetic Domains
 These clusters of aligned
atoms are called
magnetic domains.
 Each domain is made
up of billions of aligned
atoms.
Magnetic Materials

Ferromagneticmaterials
Paramagnetic materials
Diamagnetic materials
Ferromagnetic Materials
 Includes iron, nickel, cobalt, and many alloys containing
these elements.
 In these materials, strong interactions between atomic
magnetic moments cause them to line up parallel to
each other in regions called magnetic domains.
 When the temperature of a ferromagnetic substance
reaches or exceeds a critical temperature called the
Curie temperature, the substance loses its residual
magnetization.
Paramagnetic materials

 Paramagnetic substances have a weak

magnetism resulting from the presence of
atoms (or ions) that have permanent
magnetic moments.
 Thesemoments interact only weakly with
one another and are randomly oriented in
the absence of an external magnetic field.
Paramagnetic materials
 When a paramagnetic substance is placed in an external
magnetic field, its atomic moments tend to line up with the
field.
 This alignment process, however, must compete with thermal
motion, which tends to randomize the magnetic moment
orientations.
 These materials are slightly attracted by a magnetic field and
the material does not retain the magnetic properties when the
external field is removed.
 Paramagnetic materials include magnesium, molybdenum,
lithium, and tantalum.
Diamagnetic materials
 When an external magnetic field is applied to a
diamagnetic substance, a weak magnetic moment is
induced in the direction opposite the applied field,
causing diamagnetic substances to be weakly repelled by
a magnet.
 Although diamagnetism is present in all matter, its effects
are much smaller than those of paramagnetism or
ferromagnetism and are evident only when those other
effects do not exist.
 Most elements in the periodic table, including copper,
silver, and gold, are diamagnetic.
The magnetic moment (µ)

a vector quantity used to measure

the tendency of an object to interact
with an external magnetic field.
 Describe magnetic interactions in
terms of alignment of magnetic
moment with an external magnetic
field
 Sample Problem:

A rectangular coil of dimensions 5.40 cm 3 8.50 cm

consists of 25 turns of wire and carries a current of 15.0
mA. A 0.350-T magnetic field is applied parallel to the
plane of the coil.
 (A) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic dipole
moment of the coil.
 (B) What is the magnitude of the torque acting on the
loop?
 Sample Problem # 2:

A 50.0-turn circular coil of radius 5.00 cm can be

oriented in any direction in a uniform magnetic
field having a magnitude of 0.500 T. If the coil
carries a current of 25.0 mA, find the magnitude
of the magnetic moment and maximum
possible torque exerted on the coil.
Explain how magnets work
Describe the plotting of
magnetic field lines with a
compass
Explain how electric motors
work
• Identify the factors that determine the strength of
magnetic force on a moving charge and on a
current wire
FB = qvB
Where I stands for current(expressed in Amperes), r
for the length of conductor(expressed in meters) and
B for magnetic field (expressed in Tesla)

Use the Right-Hand Rule to determine the direction of

the force.
Sample Problem
 An electron in an old-style television
picture tube moves toward the front of
the tube with a speed of 8.0 x 106 m/s
along the x axis. Surrounding the neck of
the tube are coils of wire that create a
magnetic field of magnitude 0.025 T,
directed at an angle of 60˚ to the x axis
and lying in the xy plane. Calculate the
magnetic force on the electron.
 Objectives (continuation)
 Explain
why the magnetic force can
perform no work on a moving particle
 Deduce the direction of a magnetic
field or the direction of motion of a
charge given other relevant
information
 Describe the paths of charged
particles moving in uniform magnetic
fields
Identify the
factors that
determine the
strength of
magnetic
force on a
current-
carrying wire
Sample Problem
A straight wire carrying a 3.00-A current is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.280 T directed perpendicular to
the wire. (a) Find the magnitude of the
magnetic force on a section of the wire
having a length of 14.0 cm. (b) Explain why
you can’t determine the direction of the
magnetic force from the information given in
the problem.
Objectives:
 Infer from appropriate experiments on electromagnetic
induction:
 - that a changing magnetic flux can induce a current to
flow in a conductor
 - that the direction of the induced current opposes the
change producing it
 - the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced current
 Calculate the magnitude and identify the direction of an
induced current
Objectives:
 Explain how generators work
 Explain how transformers work
 Relate the number of turns and voltages in a transformer
 Sample Problem
A coil consists of 200.0 turns of wire. Each turn is a square
of side d = 18.0 cm, and a uniform magnetic field directed
perpendicular to the plane of the coil is turned on. If the
field changes linearly from 0 to 0.50 T in 0.80 s, (a) what is
the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil while the
field is changing? (b) What if you were asked to find the
magnitude of the induced current in the coil while the
field is changing? (Assume the total resistance of the coil is
equal to 2.00 Ω)
Lenz’s Law
Thedirection of any magnetic
induction effect is such as to oppose
the cause of the effect.
Lenz’s Law
Generators

Credit: http://www.asiantec.co.id
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
 (Electric)
Transformers

𝑉1 𝑁1
=
𝑉2 𝑁2
Where V stands for the EMF (or
voltage) and N stands for the
number of loops or coils
Sample Problem
The battery charger for an MP3 player
contains a step-down transformer with a
turns ratio of 1 : 32, so that the voltage of
120 V available at a wall socket can be
used to charge the battery pack or
operate the player. What voltage does the
secondary coil of the transformer provide?