Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Uses of Timber
Piles, post, beam, door –windows, roof member,
Truss, paneling, ceiling, partition wall, frame work,
scaffolding, transmission poles, wagon and
coaches, bridges, boat, ships, agricultural implants,
sports goods, musical instruments etc.
Classification of Trees
1. Exogenous Tree or Outer growing
(a) Conifer or Evergreen Tree (Soft Wood)
(b) Deciduous ( Hard Wood)
2. Endogenous Tree or Inwards Growing
•Ash
•Aspen
•Birch
•Cherry
•Elm
Hardwood •Hazel
•Mahogany
•Maple
•Oak
•Teak
•Walnut
Defects in Timber
(a) Natural Defects
Exp: Knots, Shakes, Twisted Fibers, Rind Galls etc.
(b) Defects Occurring During Conversion,
Seasoning or Use
Exp: Shakes, Distortion, case hardening, Honey Combing
etc.
(c) Defects Due to action of Fungi or Insects
Exp: Dry rot, Wet rot
(CAUSED DUE
TO)
KNOTS
SHAKES
TWISTED
FIBRES
RIND
GALLS
UPSETS
BURL
S
CHEMICAL STAIN:-THE WOOD
IS SOMETIMES DISCOLOURED BY
THE CHEMICAL ACTION CAUSED
WITH IT BY SOME EXTERNAL
AGENCY.THIS IS KNOWN AS
CHEMICAL STAIN.
RIND GALLS:-THE RIND MEANS
BARK AND GALL INDICATES
ABNORMAL GROWTH.HENCE
PECULIAR CURVED SWELLING
FOUND ON THE BODY OF TREE
ARE KNOWN AS RIND GALL.THEY
DEVELOP AT POINTS FROM WHERE
BRANCHES ARE IMPROPERLY CUT
OFF OR REMOVED.THEY ARE
RARELY FOUND IN A TREE AND THE
COARSE GRAIN:-IF THE TREE GROWS
RAPIDLY,THE ANNUAL RINGS ARE WIDENED.IT IS
KNOWN AS THE COARSED GRAIN TIMBER AND
SUCH TIMBER POSSESSES LESS STRENGTH
KNOTS:-THESE ARE THE BASES
OF BRANCHES OR LIMBS WHICH
ARE BROKEN OR CUT OFF FROM
THE TREE.THE PORTION FROM
WHICH THE BRANCH IS REMOVED
RECIEVES NOURISHMENT FROM
THE STEM FOR A PRETTY LONG
TIME AND IT ULTIMATELY RESULTS
IN FORMATION OF DARK HARD
RINGS WHICH ARE KNOWN AS
KNOTS.AS CONTINUITY OF WOOD
FIBRES ARE BROKEN BY
SHAKES:-THESE ARE LONGITUDINAL
SEPERATIONS IN WOOD BETWEEN
THE ANNUAL RINGS.THESE ARE
CRACKS WHICH PARTLY OR
COMPLETELY SEPARATE FIBRES OF
WOOD.THE SEPERATIONS MAKE THE
WOOD UNDESIRABLE WHEN
APPERANCE IS IMPORTENT
STAR SHAKES:-THESE ARE CRACKS
WHICH EXTEND FROM BARK
TOWARDS THE SAP WOOD.THESE ARE
USUALLY CONFINED UPTO THE PLANE
OF SAP WOOD.THESE ARE WIDER ON
OUTSIDE ENDS AND NARROWER ON
INSIDE ENDS.THEY ARE
USUALLYFORMED DUE TO EXTREME
HEAT OR SEVERE FROST DURING THE
CUP SHAKES:-IT APPEARS
GROWTH ASOFCURVED
TREE
SPLIT WHICH PARTLY OR WHOLLY
SEPERATES ANNUAL RINGS FROM
ONE ANOTHER.IT IS CAUSED DUE TO
EXCESSIVE FROST ACTION ON SAP
PRESENT IN THE TREE ESPECIALLY
WHEN THE TREE IS YOUNG
HEART SHAKES:-
THESE CRACKS OCCUR
IN CENTRE OF CROSS-SECTION OF TREE
AND THEY EXTEND FROM PITH TO SAP
WOOD IN DIRECTION OF MEDULLARY
RAYS.THESE CRACKS OCCUR DUE TO
SHRINKAGE OF INTERIOR PART OF TREE
WHICH IS APPROACHING MATURITY.THE
HEART SHAKE DIVIDE THE TREE CROSS-
SECTION INTO TWO OR FOUR PARTS.
RING SHAKES:-
WHEN CUP SHAKES
COVER THE ENTIRE ,THEY ARE
KNOWN AS RING SHAKES
TWISTED FIBRES:-THESE ARE KNOWN AS
WANDERING HEARTS AND CAUSED BY
TWISTING OF YOUNG TREES BY FAST
BLOWING WIND.THE TIMBERS WITH TWISTED
FIBRES IS UNSUITABLE FOR SAWING
TORN GRAIN:-DEFECT
CAUSED WHEN A SMALL
DEPRESSION IS FORMED
ON A FINISHED SURFACE
OF TIMBER BY FALLING A
TIMBER OR SO
TORN
GRAIN
TWIST CUP BOW SPRIN SPLIT HONEY
G COMBING
BOW:-THIS DEFECT IS
INDICATED BY
CURVATURE FORMED
IN DIRECTION OF
LENGTH OF TIMBER
CUP
:-THIS DEFECT IS
INDICATED BY
CURVATURE FORMED
IN TRANSVERSE
CHECK:-A CRACK
WHICH
SEPERATES
FIBRES OF
WOOD.IT DOES
NOT EXTEND
FROM ONE END
SPLIT
TO THE OTHER
SPLIT:-WHEN CHECK
CHEC EXTENDS FROM ONE
K
END TO OTHER,IT IS
KNOWN AS A SPLIT
TWIST:-WHEN A PIECE
OF TIMBER HAS
SPIRALLY DISTORTED
ALONG ITS LENGTH,IT IS
KNOWN AS A TWIST
HONEY-COMBING:-
DUE
TO STRESS DEVOLOPED
DURING
DRYING,VARIOUS RADIAL
AND CIRCULAR CRACKS
DEVELOP IN THE
INTERIOR PORTION OF
TIMBER,WHICH HONEY-COMB
STRUCTURE
Qualities of Good Timber
1. It Should have Straight Fiber
2. Wood Obtained from near the pith is always better than the rest of the tree.
3. It should be free from knots.
4. It should not posses natural defects.
5. On sawing it should give a sweet smell.
6. It should have regular annual rings.
7. It should not clot the saw teeth during sawing.
8. It should be Strong and heavy.
9. It should not split when nails are driven in to it.
10. It should bear high resistance shock and stresses.
11. It should have dark colour, give clear sound, easily workable, high
resistance to fire and free from decay.
12. On planning it should give silky texture and bright appearance.
13. It should not wrap or twist after seasoning.
14. It should respond well to polishing and painting.
Selection of Timber
1. Durability
2.workability
3. Weight
4. Hardness
5.Cohesivness
6. Elasticity
7. Type of texture
8. Type of grains
9. Resistance to fire
10.Resistance to various stresses
11. Ability to retain shape
12. Easy Polishing
Seasoning of Timber
Seasoning of timber is the process of drying or
removing the moisture or Sap presents in a
freshly felled timber, under more or less controlled
conditions.
1. Natural Seasoning
(a) Air Drying/ seasoning
(b) Water Seasoning
2. Artificial Seasoning
(a) Kiln Seasoning
(b) Chemical Seasoning
(c) Electrical Seasoning
Natural Seasoning
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
(i) The process reduces the elasticity and the
durability of the timber.
(ii) The timber is redder brittle.
2. Artificial Seasoning
(a) Kiln Seasoning:- The timber is seasoned under
controlled temperature and humidity conditions with proper
circulation and ventilation system. The rise in temperature
should be such that the timber retains the original strength
and elastic properties. The required humidity level is
maintained to avoid wrapping and cracking. The drying of
timber at uniform rate is well maintained by circulating hot
air by fans and a certain amount of steam is added in order to
retain correct humidity. The ventilation is provided to avoid
over heating and excessive humidity. The timber inside the
chamber , on trolley is kept under controlled conditions for
about fortnight or depending upon the initial water content
and required moisture level. The quality of wood is inferior as
compared to the one seasoned by natural seasoned methods.
Kiln Method
Advantages:-
1. moisture content can be reduced as per requirement.
2. less time required for seasoning, less shrinkage.
3. The drying is controlled, so no chances for the attack of
fungi and insects.
4. The drying of different surfaces is even and uniform .
Disadvantages:-
1. It is costly.
2. More skilled labor required.\
3. Due to quick seasoning so chances to check regularly
seasoning defects such as wrapping, internal cracks,
surface cracks etc.
It is also known as salt seasoning. In the method,
the timber is immersed in a solution of soluble salt. It
is then taken out and seasoned in ordinary way. The
interior surface of timber dries in advance of exterior
one and chances of formation of external cracks are
reduced.
( C) Electrical Seasoning:-
This method of seasoning works on the principle that
heat is produced when poor conductor are placed in the
field of high frequency. The wooden planks are made to
pass through an induction coil producing high frequency.
Due to an induction effect moisture contents in the wood
is dried quickly. This method of drying is employed in
plywood manufacturing process. This method is not
popular because of prohibitive cost, lack of control
moisture content, sudden drying damage wooden fibers.
Electrical Seasoning
Seasoning Videos
Timber Tress of India
1. Deodar
2. Babul
3. Teak
4.
5.
Shishum
6. Mango
7. Mahogani
8. Walnut
9. Mulberry
Sal
10. Chir
11. Kail
12. Bamboo
Wood Based Products
Plywood
Boards
Cross-cut saw
Tenon saw
1. Dovetail saw
2. Compass or turning
saw
3. Keyhole saw
Chisels:- In the wood work a large number of chisels
are used for cutting the wood in different manners to
produce desired shapes and verities.
(i) Firmer chisel
(ii) Bevelled edge firmer chisel
(iii) Parting chisel
(iv) Mortise Chisel
(v) Socket chisel
(vi) Gauge chisel
(i) Firmer chisel
Adze
Side Axe
Planning Tools:- The planning tools are used for shaving or
smoothing plane surfaces. A plane may be described as a
chisel fastened to a metallic or wooden block called body.
The Chisel fastened to the body at an angle of 25 to 35
degree respectively. Another Blade called Cap Iron is used
for stiffening the cutting blade, prevents chattering and helps
in cutting and curling of shavings. The Cap iron should be
1.5mm above the cutting edge.
1. Wooden Jack Plane
2. Iron Jack Plane
3. Smoothing Plane
Boring and Drilling Tools:- for producing
holes in wood.
Auger
Gimlet
Bradwal
Brace and Bits
Hand Drill
Gimlet
Auger
Bradwal
Brace and
Hand Drill
Striking Tools
1. Mallet
2. Claw Hammer
3.
Peen Hammer
Mallet
Claw
Hammer Peen Hammer
Miscellaneous Tools
1. Screw Driver
2. Pincer
3. Rasp file
Wood Working Processes
1. Marking and Laying out
2. Sawing
3.
Planning
Mortising and
4. Tenoning
Boring
5.
6. Grooving and Tonguening
7. Moulding
8.
Rebating
Recessing
9.
Carpentry Joints
1. Halving
(a) Corner Lap joint
(b) T- lap Joint
(c) Dove-Tail Joint
(d) Cross-Lap Joint
2. Mitre Joint
3. Mortise and Tenon Joint
4. Briddle Joint
5. Grooving and Tongueing
6. Dove- Tail Joint
7. Dovel Joint
Half laps (T-lap Joint)
Left to right: Half lap, mitred half lap, cross lap and
dovetail lap
Half lap joints are used extensively in traditional timber
framing, construction and cabinetry for framing. They
are quick and easy to make and provide reasonable
strength through good long grain to long grain gluing
surface. The shoulders provide some resistance to
racking (diagonal distortion). They may be reinforced
with dowels or mechanical fasteners to resist twisting.
Applications
Frame assembly in cabinet making
Temporary framing
Some applications in timber frame construction
Table
Half laps (T-lap
Joint) End Lap Joint
Grooving and
HIGHLIGHTS
1. Timber is the wood suitable for building or
engineering purposes and it is applied to trees
measuring not less than 0.5 m in girth.
2. A good timber should have a uniform colour,
smell sweet, be sonorous when struck, have
straight and closed fibers, be heavy in weight,
and be free from flaws etc.
3. The tress may be exogenous or
endogenous. The trees should be felled when
they have just matured or when they are very
near to maturity.
HIGHLIGHTS
4. The most common defects in timber are :
Heart shakes, star shakes, cup shakes, radial
shakes, rind galls, upset, twisted fibers, burns,
wind cracks, knots, honeycombing, end splits,
deadwood, druxiness.
5. Seasoning of timber is the process of drying
timber or removing moister or sap, present in a
freshly felled timber, under more or less controlled
conditions.
6. Seasoning of timber decreases the weight of
timber, improves its working qualities, enables it
to be easily painted, polished and preserved and
provides its dimensional stability.
HIGHLIGHTS
7. Seasoning of timber may be carried outin following two ways:
(i) Natural Seasoning
(a) Air Drying/ Seasoning (b) Water Seasoning
(ii) Artificial Seasoning
(a) Kiln Seasoning (b) Chemical Seasoning (c) Electrical
Seasoning