Analog to Digital

Converter
What is ADC
• Most signals we want to process are analog
• Example: they are continous and can take an infinity of values

x(t)

t
Definition
• Digital system require discrete digital data
• ADC converts an analog information into a digital information

analog ? digital
Digital
system
Types of ADC
• Flash ADC
• Sigma-delta ADC
• Dual slope converter
• Successive approximation converter
Flash ADC
• “parallel A/D”
• Uses a series of
comparators
• Each comparator
compares Vin to a
different reference
voltage, starting w/
Vref = 1/2 lsb
Flash ADC
• Comparator is one use of
an Op-Amp

VIN IF OUTPUT
+ VOUT
VREF -
VIN > VREF High
VIN < VREF Low
Sigma-Delta ADC
Integrator
Digital
Vin + Σ
 +
- low-pass
Sample
decimator
-
filter
Oversampler
Serial output
1-bit
DAC

• Oversampled input signal goes in the integrator

• Output of integration is compared to GND
• Iterates to produce a serial bitstream
• Output is serial bit stream with # of 1’s proportional to Vin
Dual Slope Converter

• Vin T`F tmeas

IX

t
• The sampled signal charges a capacitor for a fixed amount of time
• By integrating over time, noise integrates out of the conversion.
• Then the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed rate while a counter
counts the ADC's output bits. A longer discharge time results in a higher
count.
Component used
component Function
Resistor control the flow of current to other
components

Voltage Regulator LM317 capable to provide variable DC power

supply with output
Diode allow an electric current to pass in one
direction
Led emits light when current flows through it.
XOR-gate to act as an electronic switch
Op amp comparator compares two voltages and outputs either
a 1 the voltage at the plus side ,VDD or a 0
the voltage at the negative side to
indicate which is larger
Ground source reference point in a circuit from which
voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current
Circuit Designs
3-bit Flash
ADC
Variable Priority
Power Encoder
Supply

Most Least
Significant Significant
Bit Bit
Resolution
Quantizing and Encoding
•Quantizing:
Partitioning the reference signal range into a number of
discrete quanta, then matching the input signal to the
correct quantum.

•Encoding:
Assigning a unique digital code to each quantum, then
allocating the digital code to the input signal.
Successive Approximation ADC
Output
Manual Calculation:

• VCC =15 V
• Vout = VCC
• The voltage supplied to each amplifier is
equal because the circuit in parallel.
• The resistors in each amplifiers must be
equal value to get same output voltage.
Formula:

For Non-inverting ,