POLICE

PATROL
OPERATIONS
 CHRISTOPHER P. FORAYO
The primary purpose of police patrol is _____.
A. To reach the people for effective
community relation.
B. For the beat officer to know the people
better.
C. To eliminate opportunity for crime
commission.
D. To eliminate desire in the commission of
crime.
2 July 12, 2014
In the police organization, the division that had
been regarded as the core and at the same time
the operational heart for the reason that it
performs almost all the function of police
organization is referred to as the;
A. traffic
B. investigation
C. Intelligence
D. patrol
 Patrol is considered the backbone of the police
organization. Which of the following best
describe its reason?
a. Patrol is the only division which operates in
secret.
b. Patrol is the function which makes use most
of the fund of the PNP.
c. Patrol is the only division which can not be
afforded to be eliminated
d. Patrol keeps the safety of the police
department.
A French word which means to travel by foot or
to roam around.

A. Patrolle
B. Officer de Paix
C. Politia
D. Patrouiller
ETYMOLOGY OF KEY TERMS
 The term “police” originated from the Greek
word politeia, which means government of a
city. When the Romans conquered the Greeks,
they changed the word slightly to politia. The
French changed the word to “police” and used
it to describe deputized people who actually
enforce the law.
 Etymologically, the term patrol originated
directly or via the German word patrolle that
was derived from the French patrouiller, which
means ‘to walk through mud in a military camp’
or ‘to go through puddles’. (Microsoft®
Encarta® Reference Library 2003)
PATROL DEFINED
1. Patrol may refer to the regular tour made by a
guard in a place in order to protect it or to
maintain order.
2. Patrol could mean a person or a group (such
as a police or military unit) sent to carry out a
tour of duty in a certain place with a particular
mission either for reconnaissance purposes
or simply to provide protection.

 Patrol is the backbone of the police

department. The proof to this statement is that
patrol force is the only division in the police
organization that cannot be eliminated.
• Majority of officers assigned to Patrol provide
the bulk of police services
• Patrol officers as “Gatekeepers” to CJS
• Patrol is the formative part of an officer’s
career
• Assignments based upon seniority
• New officers start where? Patrol
• Street experience is shared among all
officers: bonding
• Patrol considered least desirable
assignment
FUNDAMENTAL
OBJECTIVES OF PATROL
1. Preventive Enforcement – It falls under the
heading of protection and involves the
prevention of crime through the noticeable
presence of police vehicle and personnel. “An
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
2. Selective Enforcement – Patrolling of areas
where the trouble is or where the trouble is
likely to occur.
3. Traffic Enforcement
4. Emergency Calls for Service –
Attending to emergencies through a
well equipped emergency police
vehicle.
5. Routine Call for Service – routine
call account for the majority of
services provided by the patrol
division. Officers therefore have to
guard against becoming callused
and indifferent to calls of this
nature.
Patrol Function Categories

 Crime prevention - pro-active deterrence

 Law Enforcement - reactive deterrence
 Order Maintenance - security
 Social Services - community welfare
› The anticipation, recognition and
appraisal of crime risk and the initiation of
positive action to remove or reduce risk.
(Patrol)

› The modern approach in crime control

which deals with apprehension,
investigation, trial, correction and
punishment of criminal.
Patrol as a function
 Constant Movement
 Prevent/deter crime
 Eliminate opportunity for crime
PATROL SUPERVISION
 Hands on - supervisor involved in
day to day activities
 Command - supervisor shows up
at incident sites and gives orders
 Counsel - supervisor available
and when requested shows up at
incident sites
Organizational Styles of
Patrol by: JQ Wilson
Watchman: emphasizes
peacekeeping; not aggressive in law
enforcement; little control over
officers

Legalistic: aggressive crime-fighting;

greater control over officers

Service: responsiveness to
community expectations; more
common in low-crime communities
In police parlance, this refers to
the wise use of one’s judgment,
personal experience and
common sense to decide a
particular situation.

POLICE
DISCRETION
 Problem Solving
In community policing, a four-step
process known as SARA is often used:
• Scanning—identifying problems
• Analysis—understanding underlying
problems
• Response—developing and implementing
solutions
• Assessment—determining the solutions’
effect
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF
POLICE PATROL
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 Violence – the threat of death and injury due to
violence as well as the physiological impact of
possibly having to cause death or injury to others
is a fact with which law enforcement officers must
content.
 Accidents – patrol officers have about an equal
potential to lose their lives due to accidents as
due to homicide, automobile accidents,
motorcycle accidents, aircraft crashes, being
struck by vehicles, accidental shooting and others.
 Contagious disease – some patrol officers are
vulnerable to any communicable diseases existing
with in the area where they are assigned
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Emotional distress – due to hazards that are
inherent in law enforcement, all officers will, on
occasion, experience emotional distress
 Mental illness – if the distress is not dealt with
appropriately, it may escalate into behavior that,
threaten the welfare of the officers and others.
 Suicide – given the general nature of police work,
many police officers who feel suicidal are either
afraid or have no one to turn to in discussing their
feelings
 Substance abuse – police administrators frequently
report that alcohol is a severe problem with other
officers and often report the existence of alcohol-
related problems. The use and abuse of alcohol
among police officers is apparently one way of
coping with the problems inherent in the job
SOCIAL HAZARDS
 Isolation from the public – one of the difficult
aspects of policing is the sense of isolation
from the community. Perhaps this is endemic
to law enforcement given the nature of the
job.

 Isolation from the family – the potential for

danger, the authoritarian nature of the job, the
around the clock shifts and constantly changing
shifts, and accommodations that must be made
in the family life all works together to increase
tension in the law enforcement job.
ECONOMIC HAZARDS
 Salary limitations – if one’s goal in life
is to accommodate great wealth, he/
she should not become a law
enforcement officer.
 Career limitations – not all police
officers can become the chief of police
in a large metropolitan agency
 Liability issues – in democratic
society, the police officers are limited
in what they can do
TYPES OF
PATROL
 FOOT PATROL
The foot patrol is the most expensive
type of patrol, and most department have
reduced their foot patrol to a minimum
because of this.

 Historically, the traditional foot

patrolling in the Philippines was initiated
in August 7, 1901 through the operation
of Act 183 known as Charter of Manila
enacted on July 31, 1901. Governor
William Howard Taft, the first Civil
Governor of the Philippines formally
created the Manila Police Department.
 Inaddition, the second
recorded event concerning
patrol method in police work
was on March 10, 1917 as
provided for in the Revised
Administrative Code when it
mentioned “requirement of
police service or patrol duty
for male residents.
 FOOT PATROL
- Restricted to small areas and is used to
deal with special situation while
maintaining radio contact with officers
in patrol car.

- It is used to secure 2 types of police

geographical units:
a. Post
b. Beat
 Types of Foot Patrol
 Fixed Foot Patrol- usually used for traffic
direction, surveillance, parades, and
special events.

 Moving Foot Patrol- used where there is a

considerable foot movement.
Advantages of Foot Patrol
 Greater personal contact with the public
leading to increased community support
for the police.
 Greater opportunity to develop sources
of information
 High police visibility.
 Places not accessible by motor vehicles
are reached and patrolled
 Easy detection of criminal activities
 Easy discovery and familiarization on the
lay out of the beat
Disadvantages of Foot Patrol
 Low mobility resulting to limited
coverage of the patrol area
 Lowresponse to telephone
complaints
 Foot patrol method involves a large
number of personnel, since officers
are assigned on small areas of
jurisdiction called beats
While conducting patrol at the central
business district during night shift, a
patrol officer should
a. Stay on high ground such as roof
top
b. Walk close the road curb
c. Walk close the building
d. Stay in the shadows of the building
Basic Techniques and procedures of
Foot Patrol
 Do not establish a set of pattern of patrolling
procedure
 Walk systematically on the beat while on patrol
 Do not smoke nor drink while on patrol
specially during night shift.
 Walk near the curb during day light
 Walk near buildings during night patrol
 Do not immediately open the door when
intending to get inside. Observe and evaluate
first the situation
 Check the interior of buildings and rattle
door knobs to ensure that the premises
are secured
 Enter and inspect alleys when not seen by
public
 Watch for persons loitering or hiding in
doorways, either ingress or egress
 Use fire escapes to inspect building
rooftops once in a while
 Be attentive or on alert for the sound of
breaking glass
Daniel is assigned to patrol the Public
Market of La Trinidad on foot.
While on the said vicinity, he is not
paying attention to his sorroundings
therefore he is not patrolling but
rather
a. Conducting traffic
b. On undercover
c. Playing
d. Strolling
 AUTOMOBILE PATROL
 The first automobile patrol was introduced on
May 17, 1954 by the Manila Police
Department through the initiative of Hon.
Arsenio H.Lacson, the first elected Mayor of
Manila. Isias Alma Jose was designated by the
Mayor to organize the first automobile patrol
and he was the first Chief of Mobile Patrol
Bureau that he commanded for ten (10) years.
State of the art Police Cars
1. Reflecting pressure-sensitive film
covering rather than mere paint
2. Vehicle-mounted TV – high-resolution
video camera with wide-angle lens
3. MDT – mobile data terminal – computer
that allow officers in patrol car to access
files from HQ and other LE agencies
4. HELP - high-intensity emergency
lighting plan – heavy duty light that can
provide 2 million candle power of
lighting
ADVANTAGES
 High mobility allowing coverage of greater
area.
 Quicker response time to telephone
complaints. Greater efficiency in responding
to emergency calls and other called-for
services
 More economical as compared to foot patrol.
 More effective street pursuit of offenders.
 More effective traffic enforcement.
 Provide an element of surprise, especially
when crime is in progress.
 Provide the officers with necessary protection
during inclement weather.
 Enable officers to carry supplementary
equipment essential in patrolling.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Diminished personal contact with the
public.
 Little opportunity to develop sources of
information.
 Marked police vehicle hampers (inhibits)
apprehension and surveillance operations.
 HORSE PATROL
 The horse patrol is one of the oldest type
of patrol next to walking. At present time,
there is still need for the horse patrol
where the terrain is steep and rough. The
disadvantage of the horse patrol is the cost
of stables and upkeep, and their limited
use in the city. They are not much good at
chasing criminals in an automobiles.
 Finally, it provides the rider with higher
plane of vision than the driver of a patrol
car.
 History shows that dogs have been used
as a means of personal protection
throughout recorded history. During
World War II, the military on all sides
widely used dogs as a means of security
and protection.

 GERMAN SHEPHERD
 The type of dog
that so far seems
to be the best
suited for all
around police
work.
 GIANT SCHNAUZERS

 The type of dog

used to trace
escaping
prisoners
 DOBERMAN PINCHER
 Thebreed of dog
used to detect
contrabands like
marijuana
BLOOD HOUND
 Itis known as
tracking dog
with drooping
ears, jogging
jaws and a
keen sense of
smell
 Although the use of police is unlimited,
dogs seem best suited in patrol work for
locating prowlers, burglars hiding in large
building or stores, and control of unruly
crowds and riot.
Finally, the key to the successful use of police
dogs in patrol is based on the following:
 An understanding and willing master
 the proper selection and training of dogs
 preparing the general public for use
 If the area to be observed is large enough, air
patrol can actually be as economical as the
automobile. The more use it receives, the
lower the cost per mile.
 Light aircraft and helicopters are today
providing themselves very helpful in the area
of traffic control because they can cover
miles of highway in a short period of time
without being bothered by traffic jams.
Some uses of helicopter patrol are:
 increased ability in conducting roof
searches for suspected felons
 information can be broadcast to large
areas through airborne loudspeakers
 rapid emergency transportation of
personnel
 more efficient rescue operations and
emergency ambulance services
 better system of flood lighting in areas
during night time.
 Itis economical and inexpensive to operate.
 It has the combined advantage of mobility
and stealth because it can be operated very
quietly and without attracting attention.
 In the Philippine setting, the bicycle patrol
was once introduced by the Manila Police in
1939 to augment the foot patrol coverage in
parks and residential areas. Unfortunately,
when two patrol officers were killed, one
was stabbed when chasing with his bicycle a
bag snatcher at the Luneta Park while the
other was sideswiped by a bus. Later, bicycle
patrolling was abandoned because it was
considered dangerous.
 Although the use of motorcycle has
lost ground to the use of patrol cars in
recent years, their need in congested
traffic will ensure their continued use
as form of police patrol. The two-
wheeled motorcycle is quite adaptable
to traffic enforcement, parade and
escort duty.
 It has disadvantages of being used only
in fair weather, of causing a greater
number of accidents that are usually
quite serious, and in the long run
costing the department almost as
much as a patrol vehicle despite the
apparent low cost.
Marine or water patrol units, aside from
being a highly specialized form of police
patrol is likewise expensive to maintain. In
the early years of the PC/INP integration, it
was the Western Police District who
introduced this type of patrol in police
work.
 The objective was to use the watercraft in
the anti-smuggling operations along the
Pasig river and Manila Bay as well as
robberies committed in bonded warehouse
located along the river banks. However,
because the expenses incurred in its
operation and maintenance did not
compensate the advantages, it became
inoperative.
PATROL TACTICS
AND STRATEGY
Proactive Patrol
 It is the most economical strategy of patrol
system which has an objective approach against
criminality. As much as practicable, it addresses
crimes at its very root before it is able to develop
into felonious act.

 The proactive function requires officers to

develop directed or structured patrol strategies in
response to identified crime problems. To a large
extent, these new responsibilities downplay the
use of random, moving patrol cars.
Reactive Patrol
 One old system of police patrol activity
which consist of continuously driving
around the area of patrol waiting for
something to happen and to react
accordingly in case something will
happen.

 The reactive function is a constant

activity, representing the bulk of what the
public expects police agencies to do
answers calls for services; enforce laws,
arrest criminals, give traffic citations,
and perform preventive patrol.
The Psychology of Police Omnipresence
 While it is true that the patrol officer cannot
detect the thinking or desire of the criminal,
yet he can destroy the opportunity to commit a
crime by his ever presence patrol strategy. The
psychology of omnipresence, as an initial
police strategy, is to establish the aura of
police presence in the community, and is best
exemplified effectively applied in: patrol’s
crime prevention activities by uniformed foot
patrol officers as well as mobiles patrol crew
in conspicuously marked radio-equipped
patrol cars.
TEAM POLICING SYSTEM
It is an attempt to integrate the police
and the community interest into working
relationship so as to produce the desired
objective of peace keeping in the community.
It is composed of 5-10 men assigned
according to concentration of crimes and
citizens calls for service.
It originated in Aberdeen, Scotland
Characteristics of Team Policing
1. Geographic Stability of the Patrol Force
- The application of permanent patrolling to
foster greater awareness and sensitivity to local
police problems.
2. Maximum Interaction Between Team Members
– Members must be given opportunity to work
closely together in solving problems.
3. Maximum Communication between Members
and Community Residents
 The
Integrated
Patrol System
of the PNP.
IPS COMPONENTS
 Fixed Components
 Police Station Headquarters
 Police Community Precincts
 Traffic Posts
 Police Visibility Points
 Patrol Components
Air Patrol
Line Beat Patrol
Mobile Patrol
Motorcycle Patrol
Bicycle Patrol
Reaction Unit Patrol
SWAT
Detective Repressive Patrol
FIXED COMPONENTS of the IPS
Fixed Components of the IPS include the
following.
 Police Station HQ
 PCP -- Police Community Precincts
 Traffic Posts
 Visibility Posts – police outposts
 Station Desk (SD) – plays the most important
role in the implementation of the police
mission – to serve and protect the community.
 it serves as the 3 Cs of the police force
 *Command / Control / Communication
The Police Station should equip the SD
with the ff communication facilities
 Mobile radio base set at least 3 sets
 Telephone line, landlines and cellphone
lines
 Fax Machine
 On line computer system
 Several television sets

 PCP (Police Community Precint) – led by a

police commissioned officer with a rank of
Chief Inspector or Superintendent with a
minimum of 30 personnel including the PCP
Commander divided in 3 shift of 8-hours duty
Walking Beat: Traditional
Patrol Pattern
 Before World War II, the Manila Police
Department looked upon as the premier law
enforcement agency in the country and have
installed throughout the city the Gamewell
Police Call-Box System. Gamewell is simply
the trade name of the American
manufacturer, its system operates like a
telephone. The distribution of those boxes
were so strategically apportioned that two
or three patrol officers of adjoining beats
can use one call-box, that the set-up
facilitated the supervisory technique of the
patrol supervisor over his patrol officer.
 THE PATROL PATTERNS
The Zig-zag or Free Wheeling Pattern
 This is done by patrolling the streets within the
perimeters of the beats, not at random, but with definite
target-location where he knows his presence is
necessary. This action is of course based on his study of
the situations and conditions of his beats.
The Straightway and Criss-cross Pattern
 The straight way is patrolling the length of the street,
and therefore the easiest way to observe the movement
of the patrol officer. Whereas, the criss-cross is more or
less similar to zigzag pattern.
The Clockwise Pattern
 The objective of the clockwise patrol pattern at
the start of the 8-hour tour of duty is for the
patrol officer to survey the situation and
condition of the boundaries of his area of
responsibility.

The Counter-Clockwise Pattern

 This technique is simply the reverse of the
clockwise patrol pattern. It is done at the last
hour of the 8-hour tour of duty in order to
ensure that nothing happened in his area of
responsibility.
High and Low Visibility
Patrol
High Visibility

 The theory underlying the high-visibility patrol

concept is that, certain types of crimes can be
reduced by increasing the aura of police
presence in the community. Another strategy is
the saturation concept wherein selected risky
crime of robbery in residential areas of the city
is saturated by intensive patrol of clearly
marked police cars equipped with two-way
radios.
Low Visibility
 It is a strategy wherein members of the force
in plainclothes patrol areas on foot or in
unmarked police cars where street crimes
exist. Under the low-visibility set-up, the
primary purpose of the patrol is no longer
crime prevention but crime repression,
wherein the objective is the increased
apprehension of criminals engaged in
selected street crimes, and the deterrence
of criminal activity as a result of a greater
probability of apprehension.
Directed Deterrent Patrol

 This is a patrol strategy in which officers

are given specific directions to follow
which they are not responding to calls
for service. The directed patrol
assignments are given to officers before
they begin their tour and are meant to
replace uncommitted random patrol
time with specific duties that police
commanders believe will be effective.
Directed patrol assignments can be
based on crime analysis, specific
problems, or complaints received from
the community.
Decoy Patrol
 This strategy is done when officer dress, and
play the role of, potential victims such as
drunkards, nurses, businessmen, tourists,
prostitutes, blind people, or defenseless elderly
people. The officers wait to be the subject of a
crime while a team of backup officers is ready
to apprehend the violators in the act of
committing the crime.
Blending Patrol
 In this method, the officers dressed in
civilian clothes and try to blend into an area
and patrol it on foot or unmarked police
cars in an attempt to catch a criminal in the
act of committing a crime. In order to
blend, officers assume the role and dress of
ordinary citizens such as construction
workers, shoppers, joggers, bicyclists,
physically disabled person, and so on---so
that the officers without being observed as
officers, can be close enough to observe and
intervene should crime occur.
Split Force Patrol
 One of the problems with directed
patrol, however, is that calls for service
often interrupt the performance of
directed patrol assignments. Split force
patrol give solution to this problem on
portion of the patrol force is designated
to handle all calls dispatched to patrol
units. The remaining portion of the
officers working that tour are given
directed patrol assignments with the
assurance that except for serious
emergencies, they will not be
interrupted.
 Aggressive Patrol
• A strategy that can result in arrests for
both minor and serious offenses is
aggressive patrol.
• This strategy has drawbacks:
 Innocent citizen are inconvenient because of
random traffic stops and field interrogations.
 It is often difficult to get all officers motivated
to use aggressive tactics.
OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES IN
PATROL
 Pre-patrol (Pre-deployment phase)
 fall – in
 inspection
 issuance of equipment
 roll-call
 troop information

 Deployment Phase
 report to station desk
 make patrol plans and establish procedures
 adopt buddy-buddy system
 accomplishment of patrol sheet report
 Post-Patrol (Post-deployment phase)
 regrouping and formation
 recall of equipment
 submission of daily patrol report
 inspection
 dismissal
 Going to places where trouble is likely to
occur is a type of enforcement known as

A. Selective enforcement
B. Reactive enforcement
C. Preventive enforcement
D. Proactive enforcement
 The following are the reasons why patrol
is considered the backbone of police
organization, EXCEPT

A. It cannot be eliminated
B. Has the most personnel
C. It operates 24 hours
D. It is the make-up artist of the
organization
Increasing the citizens’ feeling of
security and safety by a high level
of police visibility is the concept of

A. preventive patrol.
B. reactive patrol.
C. omnipresence.
D. police invincibility.
Pedro is a thief who is eyeing at the
handbag of Maria. POI Santos Reyes
is standing a few meters from Maria.
The thief’s desire to steal is not
diminished by the presence of the
police officer but the _______ for
successful theft is.

A. Ambition
B. Intention
C. Feeling
D. Opportunity
Police omnipresence strategically aims to

A. make the presence of the police

psychologically be felt despite of his
absence.
B. create high police visibility.
C. Assure that patrol officers are seen
alertly and constantly patrolling their
beat.
D. All of the above
 “Mobility and Stealth” is an advantage of

A. air patrol.
B. motorcycle patrol.
C. bicycle patrol.
D. mobile patrol.
In terms of cost-effectiveness, which of
the following is regarded as the most
expensive type of patrol?

A. Helicopter patrol
B. Watercraft patrol
C. Foot patrol
D. All of the above
 During special occasions such as parades
wherein most people gather together,
which among the methods of patrol is
best suited to use?

A. Horse patrol
B. Dog patrol
C. Foot patrol
D. Motorcycle patrol
What is the strategy in patrol that employs
deceptive or elusive measures?

A. Undercover patrol
B. Buy-bust operation
C. Entrapment
D. Decoy patrol
 A patrol that provides the best opportunity
for observation within range of the senses
and for a close contact with the people and
things, enabling the patrolman to be of
maximum service as an information
sources and counsel to the public, and as
the eyes and ears of the police department.
a. Foot patrol
b. Horse patrol
c. Mobile patrol
d. Aircraft patrol
“Police officers are assigned in their beat to
pre-empt something from happening”. This
is the concept of what patrol strategy?

A. Reactive Patrol
B. Proactive Patrol
C. Directed Patrol
D. Decoy Patrol
The patrol strategy which is focused
towards accomplishing specific
departmental objectives.

A. Decoy policing
B. Directed Policing
C. Selective policing
D. Problem-oriented policing
A Special Terrain patrol is particularly
used in
a. Special cases such as emergency,
disasters and the like
b. Urban places where it requires well
trained personnel.
c. Remote areas, mountainous and
forested areas.
d. Airports, seaports and in domestic
places.
The theory of patrol which states that the
deceptive absence of the police
officers will let the criminals believe
that they will not be detected or caught
if they execute their plans.
A. Decoy Patrol
B. Deceitful Patrol
C. Low Visibility Patrol
D. Undercover Patrol
It is the time that elapsed from the
receipt of call until the time the
patrol officer arrived at the crime
scene.

A. Reaction time
B. Wasted time
C. Response time
D. Elapsed time
You are the station commander or the chief of
police of a semi-urban town whose area is
quite large. You have a limited number of
police personnel. The mayor told you that he
can provide you funds but he desired that the
maximum police presence be made in the
whole town. As a criminology graduate also,
you will-
a. Increase your foot patrol personnel as the
town council can provide more funds.
b. With the same number of personnel you
will increase the number of mobile patrol
with two-way radios.
c. Organize a horse patrol as horses are
cheaper than motor vehicles
d. Saturate the area with foot patrol
accompanied with trained police dogs
 Communication – is defined as giving
and receiving of ideas/thoughts, feelings
and information among people.

 Verbal communication – a physical

endeavor where one express himself orally
mainly by means of speaking or through
words.
 Non- verbal communication – a mental
activity where one indicates a response
without speaking by simply making
himself understood through signs and
body language.
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
 *Sender – the source of the message can be
anyone in or outside the organization
 Encoding – there is encoding when the message
is converted into a readily understandable form
 Message – the specific information transmitted. It
might be some types of symbols creating a
awareness of need, pointing out problems or
expressing an opinion about a matter of concern
to the department.
*Medium – is the language, whether clear or
coded used in transmitting one’s thought or idea
 Channel – it pertains to the various means,
systems or instruments used to transfer the
intelligence between persons or units such as
telephones, facsimile, radio, computer, cell
phone, etc.
 Decoding – there is decoding when the
message is received and clearly understood and
interpreted by the receiver.
*Receiver – the recipient of the information
 Feedback – the response or reaction of the
receiver in relation with the information
communicated to him. Then, it may eventually
result to discussion or interaction.
COMMUNICATION
AND ORGANIZATION
VERTICAL COMMUNICATION - it
includes the downward and upward flow of
communication

 Downward communication – the

information or message emanates from the
highest rank to the lowest rank

 Upward communication – the information

or message emanates from the lowest to
highest rank.
HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION

 Intra – communication – exchange of

information with in the several units of a
department

 Inter – communication - exchange of

information with the other agencies or
organization other than the organization itself
 HISTORY
 In primitive times, the pounding of hollow logs or the
beating of animal skin drums was used to convey a
message. Later man discovered that when he cut the tip
from the horn of an animal and blew through it, the
sound carried for quite a distance. We find its use
mentioned throughout the Bible, and it was certainly the
main warning instrument used in the “Hue and Cry”
even into the twelfth century. In the orient, the brass
gong and finally the bell became the warning instrument.
 In western civilization, until very recently, the church
bell, high in the steeple, not only called the people to
church services but also warned the town or village of
imminent dangers. The American Indian used smoke
signals, bird calls and drums in their effort to
communicate and send out warnings.
 Police communications are the backbone of police
tactics. Without proper communications, the modern
police department would be lost. When police vehicles
were first used, there was no radio communications as we
know it today. The system of notifying patrol vehicles of
emergencies and calls for service was handled by the
installation of red lights at the major intersections of the
town or city. When headquarters wanted to contact a
police car, they would pull a switch that would send power
to the red lights at the intersections. The next time the
patrol car passed the intersection and saw the red light
on, he would drive to headquarters for the assignment.
When telephones become more common, the officer would
call headquarters when he observed the light signal.
 When radios were first installed in police vehicles, they
were just usually receivers and did not have transmitters
for answering calls. The radio operators would broadcast
the calls and hoped that it was received.
 DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE
COMMUNICATIONS
 1877- Albany New York Police Department installed
five telephones in the mayor’s office connected to
precinct station; only two years after Alexander
Graham Bell developed the telephone.

 1880 – Chicago Police Department installed the first

“Police Call Box” on City Street. Only officers and
“reputable citizens” were given keys to the booth.
Before this time a signal box was used that would
signal the emergency without voice communications.
Detroit made such installations in 1884 and
Indianapolis in 1895.

 1883 – Detroit, Michigan Police Department installed

one police telephone. In 1889, the department
established a new division to handle communications.
It was called the Police Signal Bureau.
 1916 – New York Harbor Police installed spark
transmitters so they could communicate with their police
boats while they were patrolling the harbor.

 1923 – Pennsylvania State Police installed point-to-

point radiotelegraph between their headquarters and
various posts throughout the state.

 By 1927 the prohibition era had sent the

development of big time crime and gangsters were
making wide use of automobiles as “get-away cars”.

 1928 – On April 7, 1928, the world’s first workable

police radio system went on the air. The Detroit Police
Department went on the air as station W8FS.

 1929 – September 1929, the Cleveland Police

Department went on the air with a few cars, and in
December of the same year, Indianapolis became the
third police department in the world to set up a workable
police radio system.
 1930 – Michigan State Police became the first
state police organization to go on the air in October
of 1930. It proved very effective in apprehending
bank robbers and other gangsters.

 1931 – The first police motorcycle was equipped

with a radio by the Indianapolis Police Department
in September 1931.

 1933 – In March 1933, the Bayonne New Jersey

Police Department went on the air with the first
two-way, mobile police radio system.

 1934 – By 1934 so many police departments had

police radio systems that they were being used as
inter-city communications for all types of general
police messages and the Federal Communications
Commission had to intervene and establish strict
control on police radio communications, restricting
non-emergency messages to wire communications.
 1935 – Because the police departments did not
understand the government restrictions, they (at first)
refused to obey them and police radiomen from all over the
country banded together to form the APCO (Association of
Police Communications Officers). (Recently changed to the
Association of Public-Safety Communications Officers).

 1939 – Daniel E. Noble, of Connecticut State College,

developed the first FM mobile two-way transmitters and
receivers for the Connecticut State Police.

 1940 – Motorola President, Paul Galvin, saw, the value

of FM over AM for mobile police communications, and hired
Daniel Noble to develop two-way FM for Motorola Police
Radio Sales. One of Nobles first developments was the
remarkable Differential Squelch Circuit, which
demonstrated greatly increased range in fringe areas.

 1945 – The Federal communications Commission

allocated frequencies for FM, and it became the established
system for police radio communications.
 THE ABC’S OF RADIO TRANSMISSION
 Accuracy – accuracy is necessary to get the
desired information to the receiving party
without having the message later re-checked
over the air for possible errors. There is also
the danger to the officer in the field, should
improper information lead him to believe that
there are “no wants” on a suspect that he has
just stopped, when in fact that suspect is
wanted and classed as dangerous. This lack of
accuracy can be the fault of either the officer
who first file checked the suspect, or the
records and radio personnel at headquarters.
The major cause of inaccuracy is haste and
impatience.
 Brevity – Brevity is increasingly
important due to the expanding volume
of radio traffic. This makes it essential
that there be no unnecessary or
repetitious words in the transmission.
Half the words in the English
language are not needed in order to
understand the message. There is
certainly no need to add to the
communication problem. The important
point is understanding and clarity.
Sometimes we can make a simple
message confusing just by saying too
much.
 Courtesy – Courtesy is necessary for rapid and
efficient service. Courtesy begets courtesy.
Anger begets anger. The courtesy in police
communications is more of a form of respect
that it is a flowery word. The officer who says
“thank you very much” over the air is practicing
good human relations, but he is taking up very
valuable air time. Courtesy can be shown in the
tone of voice. Anger and disrespect can also be
shown in the tone of voice, and it should be
guarded against since it promotes a similar
reply.
 Clarity, the Second “C”

Police administrators have long felt the

need for the second “C”. Clarity is often
mentioned in report writing and note taking but
it is also essential in police communications.
CLARITY CAN BE
BEST OBTAINED
THROUGH TWO
MAIN AREAS:
 Semantics - Webster lists it as: “significant
meaning, the science of meanings.”
a. There are two ways to improve
semantics.
1. Learn through experience what the most
common errors are.
2. He can talk to others and find out how
they would express this thought, or just listen to
others when they try to communicate in the same
or similar situations.
b. Think before Talking.
An officer should always put his mind in
gear before releasing the clutch on his tongue. Too
many officers grab for the mike, press the
transmitter button then think of what they want
to say.
 Phonetics - Phonetics is the science of
sounds - The understanding of a
communication through the proper
sounding of words.
There are three main areas of phonetics
that hinder good police communications.
a. Radio interference and distortion.
This can be corrected to some extent by
the proper adjusting of the “Squelch”
control.
b. Poor Pronunciation. An officer should
not transmit over the air if he has gum in
his mouth or is eating his lunch. He
should face the mike at all times, and talk
about two inches from the mike.
c. Similar sounding words and letters.
There are many words in the English
language that have similar sound. There
are also many letters that sound the
same.
PHONETICS MAY BE IMPROVED
THROUGH THE FOLLOWING:
 Not speaking too fast, or slovenly. Talk
with the mouth open. Mouth the words.
It seems that telephone operators
sometimes go to extremes in this area,
but it is well justified.
 Use the phonetic alphabet when the
word is likely to cause trouble. Unusual
surnames should be spelled
phonetically.
 Use Similes. This can be done by saying
that something is like something else.
The name WOOD could be pronounced
“WOOD as in FIREWOOD”.
 OTHER AIDS TO BETTER
COMMUNICATIONS
 Don’t assume anything. In the field of law
enforcement, matters are not often of a serious
nature. Make sure that it is plainly stated, and all
the important facts are included.
 Don’t make extra long transmissions. Someone
may have an emergency message and could not cut
in. It is best to take breathing spells between
sentences in case an emergency should arise. This
would allow them to cut in between sentences. It
also makes it easier on the person who is copying the
message.

 Don’t hang your hat on the mike. Many times an

officer will take his hat off while in the police car,
and because it is convenient, will hang it on the
transmitter mike. Sometimes the weight of the hat
will depress the mike button, and two things can
result.
 Don’t shout into the “mike”. If the voice
transmissions are weak, turn up the volume.

 Pronounce the words slowly and distinctly.

The normal speaking rate is between and words
per minute.

 Proper use of the microphone. Keep the

microphone about 2–3 inches away from the
mouth in order to maintain a proper modulation
level, and speak across the face of the
microphone.

 Keep your voice as emotionless as possible.

This is because a monotone voice has the greatest
intelligibility.
 Be impersonal. A police radio station is not
licensed for person-to-person communication, so
personal names should not be used. Refer to the
person being called by his radio call number or
car number.

 Use the Standard Phonetic Alphabet. Since

numbers are often confused when spoken over
the radio, use the Standard Phonetic Alphabet
for Numerals developed by the Bell Telephone
Company. Always use “zero” instead of “oh” for
the number “0”.
1- Wun 4- Fo-wer 7- Sev – ven
2- too 5- fie-yiv 8-ate
3-Thuh-ree 6-siks 9- Nie-yen
0- Zero (never oh)
PRIORITY CODES
Because of the mixed nature of police
calls, there must be a system whereby the
unit receiving call, may expedite his vehicle
according to the degree of emergency. Since
the officer seldom receives all of the
information concerning the call over the air,
it is the responsibility of the complaint
officer, who received the call over the phone,
to assign that call a code if one is necessary.
 No Code. When no code has been assigned or
in those departments where a “Code O” is used,
the call has the lowest priority and usually
involves picking up some papers or information
that is not too important. In this case there is
no one anxiously awaiting the arrival of the
officer. It can be answered almost anytime
during the shift, and all the later calls with a
numbered priority should be given preference
over it.
 Code 1. This is a routine call, and is answered
by observing all the traffic laws. The red lights
and siren will not be used on any code one call.
If the officer in the field is aware of
circumstances unknown to radio control, he
may use code two or three, but the
responsibility for the decision is strictly his
own.
 Code 2. Code two means URGENT, and is to
be answered immediately and in a manner
that will enable the unit to get to the scene as
quickly as possible with safety, by observing
all traffic laws, and without the use of the
siren.
Some officers will use their red lights
during the code 2 call in order to expedite their
movement through traffic if it is fairly heavy.
 Code 3. Code three means EMERGENCY,
and like code 2, is to be answered immediately
by driving the same scene as quickly and
safely as possible, but in this case, the red
lights and the siren are not to be used to
obtain the right-of-way. It must be
remembered that code 3 is not the magic wand
that clears all the traffic ahead, and that the
important thing is to get there. In accident
cases, the courts have held that the officer is
not liable if radio control assigned the code,
and an accident resulted.
Typhoon
Signals
TYPHOON WIND SPEED TIME
SIGNAL
(KPH) DURATION
1 30 – 60 36 HOURS

2 60 – 100 24 HOURS

3 100 – 185 18 HOURS

4 ABOVE 185 12 HOURS

Thank you very
much!!
GOD bless you all!!