PNEUMONIA

DEFINITION
 Pneumonia is an
inflammation of the
parenchyma (alveoli) of
the lung.
 The alveoli are filled with
fluid or pus, making it
difficult to breath.
 It is usually characterized
by consolidation, in which
the alveoli are filled with a
mixture of exudates,
bacteria and leukocytes.
 HOW PNEUMONIA
DEVELOPS?
 Pneumonia can develop
when a person breathes
in small droplets that
contain pneumonia-
causing organisms.
 It can also occur when
bacteria or viruses that
are normally present in
the mouth, nose and
throat, enter the lungs.
 TYPES OF
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is classified into two types:

1. ANOTOMICAL
CLASSIFICATION

2. CLINICAL
CLASSIFICATION
 1. ANOTOMICAL
CLASSIFICATION
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA: It affects the
lungs in patches around bronchi.

LOBAR PNEUMONIA: It is an infection

that only involves a single lobe or section
of a lung.

INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA: It
involves the areas in between the alveoli
 2. CLINICAL
CLASSIFICATION
 Community Acquired-
Typical/Atypical/Aspiration
 Pneumonia in Elderly
 Nosocomial- HAP, VAP, HCAP
 Pneumonia in
Immunocompromised host
 ETIOLOGY
 BACTERIA: Legionella pneumophila,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, Streptococcus pyoogenes, Moraxella
catarrhalis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and
Pneumocystis jiroveci.
 VIRUSES: Influenza virus, Adenoviruses,
Rhinovirus etc.,
 MYOPLASMAS: These are not classified as
they have the characteristics of both bacteria
and viruses.
 FUNGI: Pneumocystis carini
 PARASITES and various chemicals
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Cigarette smoking
 Dementia
 Asthma
 Malnutrition
 Chronic illness
 Advanced age
 Alcoholism
 Immunosuppression
 COMPLICATIONS
 Lung abscess
 Bacteria in blood
stream (bacteremia)
 Build up of fluid in
the space between the
lung and chest wall
 Difficulty in breathing
 Shock and respiratory
failure
 Septic arthritis
 Endocarditis
 DIAGNOSIS
 Chest X-rays
 Blood tests
 Sputum tests
 Bonchoscopy
 Pulse oximetry
TREATMENT
 PREVENTION
 Breastfeeding your baby which boosts their
immune system
 Stop smoking and intake of alcohol
 Keeping your home warm and well-ventilated
 Vaccination
 Regular and thorough hand-washing
 Avoiding contact where possible with people
who have colds, the flu or other infections
 Take nutritious food
 Regular exercise