INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,KORBA(C.G.

)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MAJOR PROJECT ON MICROWAVE OVEN

• SUBMITTED BY
• Aayushi Kesharwani
• Ajay kumar Sahu
• Dhanajay kumar Das
• Pritesh kumar Patel
• GUIDED BY
• MRS.SHILPA MEHTO MAM
(HOD,EEE department)
• MRS.ALKA SHARAM MAM
Assistant professor,
EEE department
 Table of contents
• INTRODUCTION
• ABOUT MICROWAVES
• MAIN COMPONENTS
• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• WORKING PRINCIPLE
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
• APPLICATIONS
• FUTURE SCOPE
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

• The development of the cavity magnetron in the UK made possible the

production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength
(microwaves). American engineer Percy Spencer is generally credited with
inventing the modern microwave oven after World War
II from radar technology developed during the war. Named the "Radarange“.
A microwave oven (also commonly referred to as a microwave) is an
electric oven that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic
radiation in the microwave frequency range.
• Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with a frequency of about 2.45 GHz
and a wavelength of about 12.2 cm; in the electromagnetic spectrum, they
fall before infrared light but after radio waves (Heckert 2007). In
a microwave oven,microwaves are produced by a device called a magnetron.
 ABOUT MICROWAVES

• Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic energy, like light waves or

radio waves.
• Its frequency range is from 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) to 300 GHz.
• Microwaves are used extensively in communications.
• Good for transmitting information because it can penetrate haze, light
rain and snow, clouds, and smoke.
• Also used in radars and in detecting speeding cars.
• Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation. They can
cause water and fat molecules to vibrate so they are used for cooking in
microwave ovens.
SPECIFICATION OF A MICROWAVE OVEN
 MAIN COMPONENTS USED IN MICROWAVE OVENS
A microwave oven consists of:
• A high-voltage power source, commonly a
simple transformer or an electronic power
converter, which passes energy to
the magnetron.
• A high-voltage capacitor connected to the
magnetron, transformer and via a diode to the
chassis.
• A cavity magnetron, which converts high-
voltage electric energy to microwave radiation.
• A magnetron control circuit (usually with
a microcontroller).
• A short waveguide (to couple microwave
power from the magnetron into the cooking
chamber).
• A metal cooking chamber.
• A turntable or metal wave guide stirring fan.
• A control panel.
Circuit diagram
 MAGNETRON
• The Magnetron is a vacuum tube which is used in
the generation of microwaves of high power. Its
working principle is based on the interaction between
electron stream and magnetic field. First Magnetron
Tube was invented in 1940 at England's University by
John Randall and Harry Boot. The Magnetron
Tube works on DC (Direct Current) power. It consists of
anode and cathode poles and a permanent magnet.
• The cavities of a Magnetron Tube consists of hot
cathode in which high negative potential is created with
high voltage DC power. When Cathode emits electrons,
they start travelling in vacuum. There path depends on
the strength and direction of the Magnetic Field and
Electric Field. The magnetic field causes the electrons to
get attracted towards positive anode and starts to spiral
in a circular path. Then they sweep past the openings of
the cavities which are open along their length. Then
these electrons induce high frequency radio field in the
cavity due to which electrons got bunched into groups.
Then this field goes into output coupling loop which in
turns connected to wave guide or antenna depending
on the output requirement.
 Other Parts of Microwave oven

• Wave guide- Once the microwave energy is created, a device called the wave
guide then channels and directs the microwaves into the cooking chamber. The
microwaves then bounce off the inner walls of the oven while passing through
the food or drink on the turntable or platform.
• High Voltage Transformer- Microwave transformer is basically a high voltage
transformer. The primary winding of high voltage transformer gets a phase
controlled a.c. voltage after the controller activates the relay. It has two
secondary windings. The first secondary winding is low voltage winding and it is
used to feed the filament of the magnetron (typically 3.3V at 10A). The second
secondary winding is high voltage winding about 2000 V a.c. with current of
about 0.25A. This winding is connected to magnetron’s anode through RC
network and diode.

• High Power Capacitance -The capacitor is used to smooth out the ripples in
the direct current before it reaches the magnetron
• Power Rectifier- The power rectifier converts the alternating current from
the transformer into the direct current needed by the magnetron.

• Timer and Controller- The digital timer controls the amount of time the
microwave is allowed to remain on or off. This is the interface that allows
the user to control how much time is spent during radiation. After the
specified time has elapsed the digital timer sends an electrical signal to the
power relay.

• Interlock Switches- Various door interlock switches prevent inadvertent

generation of microwaves unless the door is closed completely. At least one
ofthese will be directly in series with the transformer primary so that a short
in the relay or triac cannot accidentally turn on the microwaves with the
door open. The interlocks must be activated in the correct sequence when
the door is closed or opened
• Sensors- More sophisticated microwave source may include various
sensors. The sensor is a special device, which converts a physical size
(i.e.: temperature and moisture) in an electrical signal, which duly
considered and elaborated, permits the controlling and the monitoring
of the examined phenomena. Hence the sensors govern and control the
physical parameters in the microwave source.
• Cooling Fans- In a microwave source we can always find a fan, which is
used to cool the magnetron to prevent its exaggerating heating. In a
microwave source 30% - 50 % power is dissipated as heat by the
magnetron. This fan is activated by its own electric motor.
• Power Relay- The power relay allows the controller to turn on or off the
magnetron microwave source.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF MICROWAVE OVEN
• Microwave oven works by passing non-ionizing microwave radiation, usually at
a frequency of 2.45 GHz (a wavelength of 12.24 cm), through the food.
Microwave radiation is between common radio and infrared frequencies.
• Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the
microwaves in a process called dielectric heating. Many molecules (such as
those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a positive charge at
one end and a negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to
align themselves with the alternating electric field of the microwaves.
• This molecular movement creates heat as the rotating molecules hit other
molecules and put them into motion. Microwave heating is most efficient on
liquid water, and much less so on fats and sugars (which have less molecular
dipole moment), and frozen water (where the molecules are not free to rotate).
• Microwave heating is sometimes explained as a rotational resonance of water
molecules, but this is incorrect: such resonance only occurs in water vapor at
much higher frequencies, at about 20 gigahertz.
 How do microwaves cook food?

• Inside the strong metal box, there is a microwave

generator called a magnetron. When you start cooking,
the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet
and converts it into high-powered, 12cm (4.7 inch) radio
waves.
• The magnetron blasts these waves into the food
compartment through a channel called a wave guide.
• The food sits on a turntable, spinning slowly round so
the microwaves cook it evenly.
• The microwaves bounce back and forth off the
reflective metal walls of the food compartment, just like
light bounces off a mirror. When the microwaves reach
the food itself, they don't simply bounce off. Just as
radio waves can pass straight through the walls of your
house, so microwaves penetrate inside the food. As
they travel through it, they make the molecules inside it
vibrate more quickly.
• Vibrating molecules have heat so, the faster the
molecules vibrate, the hotter the food becomes. Thus
the microwaves pass their energy onto the molecules in
the food, rapidly heating it up.
 ADVANTAGES

• By using "FRICTION HEAT", Microwave Ovens cook food quickly.

• The greatest advantage of the microwave oven is; it is time-saving, it is
convenient as we can cook food in no time and maintain the nutrient
and water content of the food.
• Microwave oven helps in heating food without burning, as there is a
touch button to set the time.
• The space consumed is less and easy to use, as it is automatic.
• It will help defrost any frozen items within no time.
• The vitamins are preserved in the food as it is not overcooked.
• The consumption of oil is less in microwave cooking, thus allowing us to
prepare a low-fat diet.
• Microwave oven helps us to bake food without any mess.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Microwaves have another quality that they are not absorbed by plastic, glass or
ceramics. Hence the food containers to be kept for microwave cooking are made
of ceramics, glass and suitable plastics.
• Metal containers cannot be used, as metals reflect microwaves and cause sparks.
• As the body cells have water molecules in abundance, exposure to the
microwaves will damage our exposed part.
• It is dangerous to health as the studies show that using microwave could
cause cancer as it produces cancer -causing agents. It weakens the immune
system, which will lead to abnormal changes in human blood.
• It is not advisable to stand in front of the microwave as it is harmful while
cooking. Radiation it emits is dangerous. Even plastic used in microwave cooking
is dangerous as it emits Bisphenol which is also again very harmful. It is more
dangerous for cooking baby food.
• It leads to dehydration, as the water content decreases and food are more prone
to drying, and the cooked food is sometimes unevenly cooked.
 APPLICATIONS

• Microwave are used by mobile phones (produced from a transmitter

chip and antenna) as well as WiFi.
• Microwave ovens are used for heating in many industrial processes
• Microwave ovens are a common kitchen appliance and are popular for
reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods.
• Microwaves have a range of applications, including communications,
radar and, perhaps best known by most people, cooking.
• Microwaves are also used in radar which is used by ships, aircraft and
weather forecasters.
 FUTURE SCOPE

• Future connectivity between microwave oven and smart device will give
you the ability to completely automate and monitor the cooking process
in any restaurant. By remotely accessing the microwave oven via an app,
you can have complete control over the cooking status of meals.

• The device, inspired by a restaurant dome tray, is portable and allows you
to control the cooking process and time on a touch screen. Aside from
giving diners an enticing display of what their meal will look like when it’s
ready, the microwave oven can also be moved around to heat plates of
food where needed.
 CONCLUSION

• A microwave oven, is a kitchen appliance that can come in many

different sizes and styles employing microwave radiation primarily to
cook or heat food. This is accomplished by using microwaves, almost
always emitted from a magnetron, to excite water (primarily) and other
polarized molecules within the food to be heated. This excitation is fairly
uniform, leading to food being heated everywhere all at once.
 REFERENCE

• Wikipedia.com
• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/On-which-principle-does-a-
microwave-oven-work
• askphysics.com/principle-of-working-of-microwave-oven/
• www.slideshare.com
• http://www.wikiforu.com/2013/05/magnetron-construction-and-
operation.html
THANK YOU