activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The word is derives from the Greek word mousike which means “art of the Muses”. History of Music Prehistoric of music can only be theorized based on findings from Paleolithic archeology sites. The earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical was found in China and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BC. Flutes are often discovered , carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced. Elements of Music Pitch – register (high or low); Organization of pitches with a pattern of intervals between them creates scales; Words we might use to describe scales: major/minor, chromatic, gapped, pentatonic. Rhythm – the time element of music. A specific rhythm is a specific patter in ; we usually hear these in a relation to a steady pulse, and mentally organize this pulse or tempo into meter (sometimes called a “time signature”. Melody, or musical line, is a combination of pitch and rhythm (some say "duration"). Sometimes a melody is considered to be the theme of a composition. We might characterize melody by its contour (rising or falling) and the size of the intervals in it. Timbre – sound quality or tone color; timbre is the characteristic that allows us to distinguish between one instrument and another, and the difference between vowel sounds (for example, long "a" or "ee"). Timbre – sound quality or tone color; timbre is the characteristic that allows us to distinguish between one instrument and another, and the difference between vowel sounds (for example, long "a" or "ee"). Texture monophonic (one voice or line), polyphonic (many voices, usually similar, as in Renaissance or Baroque counterpoint), homophonic (1. a melody with simple accompaniment; 2. chords moving in the same rhythm (homorhythmic)) heterophony – “mixed” or multiple similar versions of a melody performed simultaneously (rare in European music; possibly used in Ancient Greece) Collage – juxtaposition & superimposition of extremely different textures or sounds What is a musical sound? MUSICAL SOUND It is any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre. The sounds are produced by instruments in which the periodic vibrations can be controlled by the performer. What are the two mediums in MUSIC? MEDIUMS OF MUSIC VOCAL MEDIUM INSTRUMENTAL MEDIUM Vocal medium is a type of music In the instrumental medium , medium performed by one or the music is intended to be more singers, either with instrumental accompaniment, performed by a musical or without instrumental instrument.It is an artistic accompaniment (a cappella), in form wherein the auditory which singing provides the main commuunicaton focus of the piece. Music which incorporating instrumentals employs singing but does not feature it prominently is are structured in a generally considered continuous manner. instrumental music KINDS OF INSTRUMENTAL MEDIUM STRING INSTRUMENTS String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner. WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments. There are two main types of woodwind instruments: flutes and reed instruments PERCUSSION INSTRUMENT A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater (including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles); struck, scraped or rubbed by hand; or struck against another similar instrument. KEYBOARD INSTRUMENT A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard, a row of levers which are pressed by the fingers. ENSEMBLE INSTRUMENTS Many of the instruments stated beforehand are utilized in ensembles, which are named groupings of instruments that have associated with them a specific repertoire of music. MUSIC GENRES music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions Electronic Dance Music Generally referred as EDM, this form of music is produced by DJs who add dozens of tones to a piece to create unique music.You can hear them in clubs or even live, depending upon your accessibility for the same. In the early twenties, electronic dance music was known in the form of Jamaican dub music, the electronic music of Kraftwerk, the disco music of Giorgio Moroder, the Yellow Magic Orchestra and many more. Rock Music Originated as “Rock & Roll” in the United States, Rock music has been rocking the world since the 1950s. It is a form of music that started actually around string instruments, but now uses other modern instruments too making it a little difficult to give it an accurate definition. Its loud and strong beats make it popular among the youths. Some of the rock stars who have popularized the culture include Little Richard, Bill Haley and Chuck Berry while rock bands like Pink Floyd, The Doors, Metallica, Nirvana and Megadeth are the modern bands who have taken the culture by storm. Jazz Identified with swing and blue notes, Jazz has its roots both in the West African and European culture. It is said that Jazz is “One of America’s original art forms” and boasts a unique combination of creativity, coactions and interactivity. Originating in the late 19th to early 20th century, Jazz has also played an important role in introducing the world to a number of women performers like Ella Fitzgerald, Betty Carter, Abbey Lincoln and Ethel Waters. Dubstep The use of instruments attracting music lovers for its bass and rhythm, this falls in the electronic music genre. People consider it to be a darker form of music, but since its birth in the late 1990s, this genre has successfully made its place in the industry. Rhythm and Blues Vocalists like Rihanna, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Usher and the legendary Michael Jackson have all made it huge in the music industry with their love for this form of music. Originated in the 1940s, this African- American music is a combination of hip hop, funk, dance, pop and soul focusing on themes like relationships, sex and freedom. Techno You may have listened to a number of techno music while clubbing, but it is Detroit techno that is considered to be the foundation of this form of music. Unlike the days of its emergence, the use of technology today has greatly enhanced the quality of techno style music and popularizing it among people day by day. Country Music Another popular genre of American music which originated in the 1920s, Country music has its roots from American folk and western music. It is formed using simple forms of instruments ranging from electric and steel guitars to drums and mandolin or mouth organ. Some very popular country music singers include Shania Twain, Johnny Cash, Taylor Swift and Kenny Rogers. Electro A perfect blend of hip hop and electronic music, electro or electro-funk uses drum machine, vocoder and talkbox helping it to distinguish itself from another similar form of music, Disco. Notable artists who have been into this form of music include Arthur Baker, Freeez, Man Parrish and Midnight Star. Indie Rock Falling in the genre of alternative rock music, Indie Rock originated in the 1980s and has gradually changed the music industry. After a decade, it also gave birth to a couple of sun- genres in related styles such as math rock, emo, noise pop, post rock and lo-fi. Pop Music “Pop” is a term derived from “Popular” and thus Pop Music is known to be a genre of popular music. With its roots in the rock & roll style, this form can include any form of music ranging from urban and dance to rock, country and Latin. Instruments highly used are electric guitars, synthesizer drums as well as bass and one can listen to this form of music by listening to songs by Britney Spears, Madonna, Beyonce Lady Gaga and of course the “King of Pop”, Michael Jackson. DANCE Dancing is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has an aesthetic and symbolic value and is acknowledged as dance by performers. History of Dance The earliest findings have pinpointed the origins of ancient dances in 9000-year- old India or 5300-year-old Egypt, but the records more common infusion of dance into a modern culture can be found from Ancient Greece, China, and India. All these old dances evolved, eventually morphing into a wide variety of Roman and European medieval dances, traditional Chinese dances, Hindi and other traditional dances, respectively. After the arrival of European Renaissance, the history of music and dance exploded with the new additions to song and dance. Ease of travel and immigration to the new world brought these dances into the mix with many native cultures of the New World, forging countless new dance typesthat are still popular to this day. TWO DISTINCT FORMS Two Distinct Forms THEATRICAL DANCE PARTICIPATORY DANCE known for having Participatory social more elaborate choreography, planning, dance where dancing in a costume, scenery and other group is encouraged to elements that make the entire anyone. Participatory dances production feel more professional. The performers of are most commonly found at theatrical dance are usually weddings, social gatherings, professional “ virtuoso dancers”, and festivals, and they can be who practice their craft over the years, and are often tasked to enjoyed with folk music both interpret the musical alone or in a group (pairs, accompaniment with advanced dance moves or routines. lines, chains or other forms). DIFFERENT DANCING STYLES BALLET Ballet is a poised style of dance and is the basis of many other forms. Ballet is often the first dance style a child will experience as they begin their dance training. Ballet shoes are worn until the dancers feet have developed enough strength to progress into pointed shoes. TAP DANCING Tap dancing is best described as "musical feet". Tap is a form of dance where dancers use their feet as percussive instruments. They wear shoes specially designed with metal plates on the toe and heel. JAZZ Jazz is the most popular style of dance amongst dancers. Jazz embodies many aspects of dance. It has been influenced by ballet, modern, tap, hip-hop, African dance and many more styles. Jazz pulls from all dance styles mixing them together to create a high energy style that knows no boundaries. MODERN Modern was said to be developed as a rebellion against classical ballet. Since then it has come into its own. Built on concepts of rawness, modern dance focuses on the dancers strong relationship with the floor, concepts of contraction & release and the connectivity of breath and , movement. LYRICAL The basis of lyrical is conveying musicality ballet but also and emotion through encompasses both jazz movement. It is and modern. It is usually set to popular expressive, songs and is based simultaneously subtle around feelings and and dynamic. It emotions focuses on HIPHOP Hip Hop is an urban dance style also known as Street Dance. Hip Hop is edgy, raw and intense. Hip Hop is mostly danced to hip hop, urban, and rap music. What sets Hip Hop apart from most dance genres is that it is often freestyle in nature and does not follow a vocabulary. CONTEMPORARY DANCE Contemporary dance embodies ballet, modern, jazz and lyrical. It uses technique such as ballet as its fundamentals and creates many more greater movements that do not adhere to the strict rules of ballet and modern. HIGHLAND DANCING Highland dance was developed in the Gaelic Highlands of Scotland and should not be confused with Scottish Country Dancing. Highland dancing requires a lot of stamina , as well as arm and leg strength. Many people may compare Scottish highland dance to Irish dance but, Irish dance is progressive and Highland dancing is traditional. LINE DANCING Line Dancing is a social dance that is made up of a sequence of steps that is repeated. Line dancing is associated with country- western music and dance. Line dancing is a solo dance that is danced in a straight line, a circle or in a “follow the leader” pattern. IRISH DANCING Irish dancing originated from Ireland and can be divided into performance and social dances. Made famous by Riverdance it is best recognized by its rapid leg and foot movements while the body and arms are kept largely stationary. Irish soft shoes and hard shoes are worn.