Chapter 1

Electrical Machines 1
Introduction
 Electro mechanical device converts
energy between electrical and
mechanical forms.
 Electromechanical energy conversion
theory helps in representing
electromagnetic force or torque in
terms of such parameters like electric
current or displacement.
Expression for Induced E.M.F.
 The magnitude of e.m.f.
generated will depend on
the number of turns in
the coil, strength of the
magnetic field and the
speed of rotation of the
coil or the magnetic field.
 Let us consider a multi turn coil of
length ‘l’ meters, width ‘b’ meters
having ‘T’ turns is rotated at an
angular speed inside a
magnetic field. Let, ‘n’ is the speed
of the coil in r.p.s. and B be the flux
density in the air gap.
 Then the e.m.f. induced in a multi
turn coil will be,
The direction of induced e.m.f. is

obtained by “Flemings left hand
rule”.
Force and Torque in a Magnetic Field
 The force acting on a moving
particle having a charge q, when
placed in a magnetic field is given
by the Lorentz`s force law.
 Where, F is the force in Newton, q is

the charge in coulomb, B is the flux
density in Tesla,
Force and Torque in a Magnetic Field
E is the volts per meter and v is the
velocity of the particle in meters per
sec. When large numbers of charged
particle are in motion then the
equation becomes
Energy Balance Concept
The law of principle of conservation
of energy states that, energy cannot be
created or destroyed but it possible to
transform energy from one form to the
some other form.
Energy Balance Concept
Thus the energy balance equation
For motoring action:
Energy input = Mechanical output +
Energy loss + Total energy stored.
For generating action:
Mechanical input = Electrical output +
Energy loss + Total energy stored.
Laws of electromagnetism
There are four laws of
electromagnetism
 Faraday`s Law.
 Lenz`s Law
 The Biot-Savart law
 Ampere's law
Faraday`s Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction
 Faraday`s First Law: When the
magnetic flux linking with the coil
changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the
coil.
 Faraday`s Second Law: The
magnitude of induced e.m.f. is the
rate of change of flux linkage in it.
Lenz’s Law
It states that the direction of induced
e.m.f. in the conductor will always
oppose the cause of its production.
The negative sign in the above

equation signifies this effect.
The Biot-Savart Law
Any current element projects into space a
magnetic field, the magnetic flux density of
which dB, is directly proportional to the
length of the element dl, the current I, the
sine of the angle and θ between direction of
the current and the vector joining a given
point of the field and the current element and
is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance of the given point from the current
element, r.
Ampere’s Law
Ampere's law states that for any closed
loop, the sum of the length elements
times the magnetic field in the
direction
of the length element is equal to the
permeability times the electric current
enclosed in the loop.
Induced E.M.F.
Induced emf
Dynamically Statically
induced e.m.f. induced e.m.f
Mutually Self induced

induced e.m.f. e.m.f.
Self Induced e.m.f.
Self inductance is the phenomenon in
which if the current flowing through
the
inductive coil changes, then an induced
e.m.f. will be produced in the coil.
Mutually induced e.m.f.
It is the phenomenon in which a
change of current in one coil causes
an induced e.m.f. in another coil
placed near to the first coil.
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
Consider a coil with N turns wound
on a magnetic material. This magnetic
material will act as a core. When the
coil is supplied with a voltage of volts,
current i will flow through it. Let R be
the resistance of the coil. Then from
power equation will be
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
Singly Excited Linear Actuator
Let us consider a linear actuator as
shown on Slide 21. A coil having
resistance R is wound on a magnetic
core. When this coil is excited with a
voltage current i will flow through the
coil. Let us assume that after some
time the movable plunger is moved by
a distance under the action of force F.
Then, the mechanical work done will
be, dWm =Fdx Electrical Machines 22
The electrical energy that has been
transferred into the magnetic field and
also converted into mechanical work
will be,
The force acting on the plunger will be,
Where, L is the self inductance of the

coil.
The area OABO is called the co-energy.

Co-energy has no physical significance
but it is important in obtaining the
magnetic force.
Single Excited Rotating System
A coil having resistance R1 is wound on
a magnetic core. When this coil is
excited with a voltage v1 current i1 flows
through the coil. Let us assume that all
the flux produced by the coil will pass
through the core, that is, there is no
leakage flux.
The movable part will experience
torque and will try to position itself in
such a position, where minimum
reluctance is given to the magnetic flux.
Area OCDO and OBAO is the stored
energy when the movable rotor is in
position-1 and position-2 respectively.
Let us assume that the rotor is initially
positioned at position-1 (operating
point C in the Fig.1.6).
At this position let the current through
the circuit be i1. Let us assume that the
rotor is moving very slowly towards
position-2. Since the movement of the
rotor is very slow, the current through
the circuit will remain constant (i1).
When the rotor will reach position-2,
the flux linkage will change.
Double Excited System
The stator is fed from a voltage source of
v1 because of which current i1 is flowing
through it. Let R1 be the resistance of the
stator winding. Similarly, the rotor is fed
from a voltage source of v2 because of
which current i2 is flowing through it.
Let R2 be the resistance of the rotor
winding. Let the self inductance of the
stator and the rotor be L1 and L2
respectively and M be the mutual
inductance between them.
The flux linkage equations for the two
windings are
Solving we get,
Dynamic Equation of
Electromechanical Systems
Let us consider a simple transducer
system
Dynamic Equation of
This electromechanical system can be divided
into three parts.
Dynamic Equation of
From the circuit we get.
The Torque Equation of a Machine
with Cylindrical Air Gap
This system can be considered of having two
windings, the stator winding and the rotor
winding. The stator is generally the
stationary part of the system and the rotor is
the rotating part of the system. In A.C.
machines both the stator and the rotor
windings carry currents and thus produces
their own magnetic fields.
Torque is produced due to the tendency
of these two magnetic fields to line up in
the same direction, which in turn makes
the rotor to rotate. Voltage is produced
due to the relative motion between the
two windings.
Torque equation is
The generalized torque equation

for machines having P poles will
be,

Chapter 1

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Electrical Machines 1

The direction of induced e.m.f. is

 Where, F is the force in Newton, q is

The negative sign in the above

Mutually Self induced

Where, L is the self inductance of the

The area OABO is called the co-energy.

The generalized torque equation

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